genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of
fungi
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...
within the family
Ophiocordycipitaceae
Ophiocordycipitaceae is a family (biology), family of parasite, parasitic fungus, fungi in the phylum Ascomycota, class Sordariomycetes. It was created in 2007 to resolve the paraphyly of Calvicipitaceae. It was updated in 2020.
Genera
As accept ...
. It includes species that are
parasite
Parasitism is a Symbiosis, close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the Host (biology), host, causing it some harm, and is Adaptation, adapted str ...
s of other
fungi
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...
,
insect
Insects (from Latin ') are Hexapoda, hexapod invertebrates of the class (biology), class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (Insect morphology#Head, head, ...
pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of"), in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a Germ theory of d ...
s,
rotifer
The rotifers (, from Latin 'wheel' and 'bearing'), sometimes called wheel animals or wheel animalcules, make up a phylum (Rotifera ) of microscopic and near-microscopic Coelom#Pseudocoelomates, pseudocoelomate animals.
They were first describ ...
pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain
ecological
Ecology () is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms and their environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels. Ecology overlaps with the closely re ...
roles.
''Tolypocladium'' was originally circumscribed as a genus containing
anamorphic
Anamorphic format is a cinematography technique that captures widescreen images using recording media with narrower native Aspect ratio (image), aspect ratios. Originally developed for 35 mm movie film, 35 mm film to create widescreen pres ...
fungi. It was later determined that some ''
Cordyceps
''Cordyceps'' is a genus of ascomycete fungi (sac fungi) that includes over 260 species worldwide, many of which are parasitic. Diverse variants of cordyceps have had more than 1,500 years of use in Chinese medicine. Most ''Cordyceps'' specie ...
''-like teleomorphic fungi were the teleomorphs of ''Tolypocladium'' species. These species were considered to belong in the genus ''Cordyceps'' until
molecular phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
studies found these species to be more closely related to '' Ophiocordyceps'' and were considered to belong in that genus before they were transferred to the new genus ''Elaphocordyceps'' by Sung and colleagues in 2007. However, under the ICN's 2011 " one fungus, one name" principle, fungi can not have different names for their anamorphic and teleomorphic stages if they are found to be the same
taxon
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; : taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and ...
. Quandt and colleagues formally synonymized ''Tolypocladium'' and ''Elaphocordyceps'' in 2014. Quandt and colleagues also synonymized the anamorphic genus ''Chaunopycnis'' with ''Tolypocladium''. The immunosuppressant drug
ciclosporin
Ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is a calcineurin inhibitor, used as an immunosuppressant medication. It is taken Oral administration, orally or intravenously for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, nephr ...
was originally isolated from '' T. inflatum'', and has since been found in other species of ''Tolypocladium'', some of which were formerly placed in ''Chaunopycnis''.
Species
*''
Tolypocladium album
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles.
''Tolypocladium ...
Tolypocladium extinguens
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles.
''Tolypocladium ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium fractum
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles.
''Tolypocladium ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium geodes
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles.
''Tolypocladium ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium inegoense
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles.
''Tolypocladium ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium inflatum
''Tolypocladium inflatum'' is an ascomycete fungus originally isolated from a Norwegian soil sample that, under certain conditions, produces the immunosuppressant drug ciclosporin. In its sexual stage ( teleomorph) it is a parasite on scarab bee ...
'' (also''Tolypocladium niveum'')
*''
Tolypocladium intermedium
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles.
''Tolypocladium ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium japonicum
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles.
''Tolypocladium ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium jezoense
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles.
''Tolypocladium ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium lignicola
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles.
''Tolypocladium ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium longicolleum
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles.
''Tolypocladium ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium longisegmentum
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles.
''Tolypocladium ...
Tolypocladium paradoxum
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles.
''Tolypocladium ...