genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...
of
fungi
A fungus (plural, : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of Eukaryote, eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and Mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified ...
within the
family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
parasite
Parasitism is a Symbiosis, close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the Host (biology), host, causing it some harm, and is Adaptation, adapted structurally to this way of lif ...
s of other
fungi
A fungus (plural, : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of Eukaryote, eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and Mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified ...
,
insect
Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs ...
pathogen
In biology, a pathogen ( el, πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of") in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a ger ...
s,
rotifer
The rotifers (, from the Latin , "wheel", and , "bearing"), commonly called wheel animals or wheel animalcules, make up a phylum (Rotifera ) of microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate animals.
They were first described by Rev. John H ...
pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain
ecological
Ecology () is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their biophysical environment, physical environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community (ecology), community, ecosy ...
roles. ''Tolypocladium'' was originally circumscribed as a genus containing anamorphic fungi. It was later determined that some ''
Cordyceps
''Cordyceps'' is a genus of ascomycete fungi (sac fungi) that includes about 600 species. Most ''Cordyceps'' species are endoparasitoids, parasitic mainly on insects and other arthropods (they are thus entomopathogenic fungi); a few are parasit ...
''-like
teleomorphic
In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota:
*Teleomorph: the sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically a fruiting body.
*Anamorph: an ase ...
fungi were the teleomorphs of ''Tolypocladium'' species. These species were considered to belong in the genus ''Cordyceps'' until
molecular phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
studies found these species to be more closely related to ''
Ophiocordyceps
''Ophiocordyceps'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. The widespread genus, first described scientifically by British mycologist Tom Petch in 1931, contains about 140 species that grow on insects. Anamorphic genera that c ...
'' and were considered to belong in that genus before they were transferred to the new genus ''Elaphocordyceps'' by Sung and colleagues in 2007. However, under the ICN's 2011 "
one fungus, one name
In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the Biological life cycle, life cycles of fungi in the Phylum, phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota:
*Teleomorph: the sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically a Asc ...
" principle, fungi can not have different names for their anamorphic and teleomorphic stages if they are found to be the same
taxon
In biology, a taxon ( back-formation from '' taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular n ...
. Quandt and colleagues formally synonymized ''Tolypocladium'' and ''Elaphocordyceps'' in 2014. Quandt and colleagues also synonymized the anamorphic genus ''Chaunopycnis'' with ''Tolypocladium''. The
immunosuppressant
Immunosuppressive drugs, also known as immunosuppressive agents, immunosuppressants and antirejection medications, are drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system.
Classification
Immunosuppressive drugs can be classified into ...
drug
A drug is any chemical substance that causes a change in an organism's physiology or psychology when consumed. Drugs are typically distinguished from food and substances that provide nutritional support. Consumption of drugs can be via inhal ...
ciclosporin
Ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is a calcineurin inhibitor, used as an immunosuppressant medication. It is a natural product. It is taken orally or intravenously for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's diseas ...
was originally isolated from ''
Tolypocladium inflatum
''Tolypocladium inflatum'' is an ascomycete fungus originally isolated from a Norwegian soil sample that, under certain conditions, produces the immunosuppressant drug ciclosporin. In its sexual stage ( teleomorph) it is a parasite on scarab b ...
'', and has since been found in other species of ''Tolypocladium'', some of which were formerly placed in ''Chaunopycnis''.
Species
*''
Tolypocladium album
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles. ''Tolypocladium' ...
Tolypocladium geodes
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles. ''Tolypocladium ...
Tolypocladium inflatum
''Tolypocladium inflatum'' is an ascomycete fungus originally isolated from a Norwegian soil sample that, under certain conditions, produces the immunosuppressant drug ciclosporin. In its sexual stage ( teleomorph) it is a parasite on scarab b ...
Tolypocladium japonicum
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles. ''Tolypocladium ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium jezoense
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles. ''Tolypocladium ...
Tolypocladium longisegmentum
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles. ''Tolypo ...
Tolypocladium miomoteanum
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles. ''Tolypocladium ...
Tolypocladium ophioglossoides
''Tolypocladium ophioglossoides'', also known by two of its better known synonyms ''Elaphocordyceps ophioglossoides'' and ''Cordyceps ophioglossoides'' and commonly known as the goldenthread cordyceps, is a species of fungus in the family Ophio ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium ovalisporum
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles. ''Tolyp ...
Tolypocladium pustulatum
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles. ''Tolypocladium' ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium ramosum
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungus, fungi within the family (biology), family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecologic ...
Tolypocladium sinense
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles. ''Tolypocladium' ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium szemaoense
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungus, fungi within the family (biology), family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecologic ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium tenuisporum
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles. ''Tolypocladium' ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium terricola
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles. ''Tolypo ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium toriharamontanum
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles. ''Tolypocladium' ...
Tolypocladium tundrense
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles. ''Tolypocladium ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium valliforme
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles. ''Tolypocladium' ...
''
*''
Tolypocladium valvatistipitatum
''Tolypocladium'' is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles. ''Tolypocladium' ...