Francisco de Toledo (4 October 1532 in Cordoba ( Castille) – 14 September 1596 in

Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...

) was a Spanish

Jesuit The Society of Jesus (; abbreviation: S.J. or SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits ( ; ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...

priest and theologian,

Biblical The Bible is a collection of religious texts that are central to Christianity and Judaism, and esteemed in other Abrahamic religions such as Islam. The Bible is an anthology (a compilation of texts of a variety of forms) biblical languages ...

exegete and professor at the

Roman College The Roman College (, ) was a school established by St. Ignatius of Loyola in 1551, just 11 years after he founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). It quickly grew to include classes from elementary school through university level and moved to seve ...

. He is the first Jesuit to have been made a

cardinal Cardinal or The Cardinal most commonly refers to * Cardinalidae, a family of North and South American birds **''Cardinalis'', genus of three species in the family Cardinalidae ***Northern cardinal, ''Cardinalis cardinalis'', the common cardinal of ...

(in 1593).

Biography

After studying under

Domingo de Soto Domingo de Soto (1494 – 15 November 1560) was a Spanish Dominican priest and Scholastic theologian and naturalist born in Segovia (Spain), and died in Salamanca (Spain), at the age of 66. He is best known as one of the founders of internatio ...

, Toledo became a professor of

philosophy Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, Value (ethics and social sciences), value, mind, and language. It is a rational an ...

at the

University of Salamanca The University of Salamanca () is a public university, public research university in Salamanca, Spain. Founded in 1218 by Alfonso IX of León, King Alfonso IX, it is the oldest university in the Hispanic world and the fourth oldest in the ...

from 1555 to 1559. He was ordained

priest A priest is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deity, deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in parti ...

Salamanca Salamanca () is a Municipality of Spain, municipality and city in Spain, capital of the Province of Salamanca, province of the same name, located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is located in the Campo Charro comarca, in the ...

in 1556 and two years later, in 1558, entered the Jesuit order. After a brief period of spiritual formation he was called to

by the

Superior General A superior general or general superior is the leader or head of an 'order' of religious persons (nuns, priests, friars, etc) or, in other words, of a 'religious institute' in the Catholic Church, and in some other Christian denominations. The super ...

, Diego Láynez, where the budding Roman College was in great need of professors. Toledo successively (and successfully) taught

Philosophy Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, Value (ethics and social sciences), value, mind, and language. It is a rational an ...

(1559-1562), Scholastic and

Moral Theology Ethics involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''"Ethics" A central aspect of ethics is "the good life", the life worth living or life that is simply satisfyin ...

(1562-1569), and was prefect of studies of the fast-growing university. In the 1570s he published a number of commentaries on

Aristotle Aristotle (; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosophy, Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, a ...

's works. He directed the work on the

Clementine Vulgate The Sixto-Clementine Vulgate or Clementine Vulgate () is an edition of the Latin Vulgate, the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church. It was the second edition of the Vulgate to be formally authorized by the Catholic Church, the first be ...

, the revision of the

Latin Vulgate The Vulgate () is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible. It is largely the work of Saint Jerome who, in 382, had been commissioned by Pope Damasus I to revise the Gospels used by the Roman Church. Later, of his own initia ...

that was published in 1598; this built on the

Sistine Vulgate The Sixtine Vulgate or Sistine Vulgate () is the edition of the Vulgate—a 4th-century Latin translation of the Bible that was written largely by Jerome—which was published in 1590, prepared by a commission on the orders of Pope Sixtus V an ...

(the 1590 text), approved by

Pope Sixtus V Pope Sixtus V (; 13 December 1521 – 27 August 1590), born Felice Piergentile, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 April 1585 to his death, in August 1590. As a youth, he joined the Franciscan order, where h ...

. He died in 1596 and was buried in the

Santa Maria Maggiore Santa Maria Maggiore (), also known as the Basilica of Saint Mary Major or the Basilica of Saint Mary the Great, is one of the four Basilicas in the Catholic Church#Major and papal basilicas, major papal basilicas and one of the Seven Pilgrim C ...

. The tomb monument was created in 1598 by the Flemish sculptor

Gillis van den Vliete Gillis van den Vliete known in Italy as Egìdio della RivieraEgìdio della Riviera
at Tre ...

after a design by

Giacomo della Porta Giacomo della Porta (1533–1602) was an Italian architect and sculptor. Most likely born in Genoa or Porlezza, Italy, his work was inspired by famous Renaissance artists such as Michelangelo and Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola. He started in his car ...

.Steven F. Ostrow, ''The Tomb of Cardinal Francisco de Toledo at S. Maria Maggiore: A New Work by Giacomo della Porta and Egidio della Riviera''
Ricerche di Storia dell'arte, 21, 1983, pp. 87-96

Works

The 1913

Catholic Encyclopedia ''The'' ''Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church'', also referred to as the ''Old Catholic Encyclopedia'' and the ''Original Catholic Encyclopedi ...

organizes Toledo's works into three classes: the philosophical, the theological, and the exegetical.

Philosophical works

* (Rome, 1561), thirteen editions, apparently the first work of a Jesuit to be printed in Mexico * (Rome, 1572), seventeen editions * (Venice, 1573), fifteen editions * (Venice, 1575), seven editions * (Venice, 1574), twenty editions * (Lyons, 1586–92), only one volume issued

Theological works

* (4 vols., Rome, 1869), published by José Paría, S.J. * (Lyons, 1599), forty-six editions (Spanish tr., Juan de Salas; Italian, Andreo Verna; French, Goffar; summaries in Latin, Spanish, French, and Italian)

Exegetical works

* (Rome, 1592), nine editions * *

Other works

* , manuscript, corrected by direction of Clement VIII * , manuscript * , sermons

Notes

External links

Biography
* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Toledo, Francisco de 1532 births 1596 deaths 16th-century Spanish Jesuits 16th-century Spanish Roman Catholic theologians Latin commentators on Aristotle 16th-century Spanish cardinals Cardinals created by Pope Clement VIII University of Salamanca alumni Academic staff of the University of Salamanca Jesuit cardinals