''Tjambuk Api'' (literally ''Whips of Fire'') is a 1958 Indonesian martial arts film directed by
D. Djajakusuma
Djadoeg Djajakusuma (; 1 August 1918 – 28 October 1987) was an Indonesian film director and promoter of traditional art forms. Born to a nobleman and his wife in Temanggung Regency, Temanggung, Central Java, Djajakusuma became interested ...
and produced by
Usmar Ismail. Starring Bambang Irawan,
Aminah Cendrakasih
Aminah Tjendrakasih (Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System, Perfected Spelling: Aminah Cendrakasih ; born Siti Aminah; 29 January 1938 – 21 December 2022) was an Indonesian actress best known for her appearance as Lela in the television series ...
,
Soekarno M. Noer
Soekarno M. Noor (Perfected Spelling: Sukarno M. Noor; September 13, 1931 – July 26, 1986) was an Indonesian actor and film producer. He acted in 118 films and dramas.
Biography
His parents, M. Noer and Djanimah, came from Bonjol, West Sumatr ...
, and
Rendra Karno
Raden Soekarno (Perfected Spelling: Sukarno; 7 May 1920 – 27 November 1985), better known as Rendra Karno, was an Indonesian actor. Born in Kutoarjo, Central Java, Soekarno entered the film industry in 1941, making his debut appearance in ...
, it tells of a young villager who must challenge a local criminal to be with his love. The film underwent several modifications over a period of more than a year before it could pass the censorship board, but now remains one of Djajakusuma's better known works.
Plot
Kasan (Bambang Irawan) lost his father when he was young to an ill-fated whip duel. To avoid such a fate for him, his mother has him become a farmer. He uses his intelligence to create an irrigation system in their village in
East Java, which provides them with plenty of rice. However, the village is terrorised by the whip-warrior and criminal Suro (
Rendra Karno
Raden Soekarno (Perfected Spelling: Sukarno; 7 May 1920 – 27 November 1985), better known as Rendra Karno, was an Indonesian actor. Born in Kutoarjo, Central Java, Soekarno entered the film industry in 1941, making his debut appearance in ...
), who calls for tributes.
The situation becomes more difficult after Kasan falls in love with Suro's daughter, Marni (
Aminah Cendrakasih
Aminah Tjendrakasih (Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System, Perfected Spelling: Aminah Cendrakasih ; born Siti Aminah; 29 January 1938 – 21 December 2022) was an Indonesian actress best known for her appearance as Lela in the television series ...
). Although Marni also loves Kasan, Suro insists that she marry his right-hand man Karnen (Sukarno M. Noor) instead. Karnen uses his favoured position as an excuse to torture Kasan, which drives the latter to learn how to fight with a whip.
Marni escapes Karnen and hides at Kasan's homes; her refusal to return to Suro drives him to challenge Kasan to a duel. After a long struggle, Kasan emerges victorious and, after Marni asks him not to kill her father, he lets Suro go. The villagers are free to farm in peace, and Marni and Kasan become husband and wife.
Production
The director of ''Tjambuk Api'',
D. Djajakusuma
Djadoeg Djajakusuma (; 1 August 1918 – 28 October 1987) was an Indonesian film director and promoter of traditional art forms. Born to a nobleman and his wife in Temanggung Regency, Temanggung, Central Java, Djajakusuma became interested ...
, spent a year studying film at the
University of Washington in
Seattle and the
University of Southern California's
School of Cinematic Arts in
Los Angeles from 1956 to 1957; ''Tjambuk Api'' was his first film upon returning to Indonesia. The film was made by Perfini, under the leadership of
Usmar Ismail; the latter served as producer. The story was written by Titik Soerjo.
''Tjambuk Api'' spent three years in production. The budget was reportedly 1.5 million
rupiah. The film was reportedly held by the censorship bureau for almost a year causing it to miss the 1958 Asian Film Festival in Manila.
Themes
''Tjambuk Api'' has been read as a critique of the widespread
corruption in Indonesia. Ismail wrote that the film was meant to show that Indonesian cinema was capable of producing more than government propaganda. William van der Heide, a lecturer on film studies at the
University of Newcastle in Australia, writes that the film and its revenge story at times harks back to Hollywood
Westerns, although with whips instead of guns.
Reception
The film received screenings in 1961. An anonymous review in the
Yogyakarta-based daily ''Nasional'' remarked that Djajakusuma had clearly meant to emphasise the dramatic elements of the story and noted that the audience seemed spellbound by the fighting scenes.
According to ''
Kompas'', ''Tjambuk Api'' and Djajakusuma's earlier work ''
Harimau Tjampa
''Tiger from Tjampa'' ( id, Harimau Tjampa) is an Indonesian black and white drama film released in 1953, produced by Perfini, written and directed by D. Djajakusuma. It is still highly regarded today in Indonesia as an early portrayal in a fiction ...
'' (''Tiger of Tjampa'') are his best-known. The two are those most often shown, owing to the fact that ready-to-use copies are stored at
Sinematek Indonesia. Van der Heide notes that the film's portrayal of a "headstrong and independent woman" precedes the first such depiction in the neighboring Malay country of Malaysia by 35 years.
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
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External links
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{{D. Djajakusuma
Films directed by D. Djajakusuma
Indonesian drama films