Tiwa ( ) (Spanish ''Tigua'', also ''E-nagh-magh'') is a group of two, possibly three, related
Tanoan languages
Tanoan ( ), also Kiowa–Tanoan or Tanoan–Kiowa, is a family of languages spoken by indigenous peoples in present-day New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.
Most of the languages – Tiwa (Taos, Picuris, Southern Tiwa), Tewa, and Towa â ...
spoken by the
Tiwa Pueblo
Pueblo refers to the settlements of the Pueblo peoples, Native American tribes in the Southwestern United States, currently in New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas. The permanent communities, including some of the oldest continually occupied settlement ...
, and possibly
Piro Pueblo, in the U.S. state of
New Mexico
New Mexico is a state in the Southwestern United States, Southwestern region of the United States. It is one of the Mountain States of the southern Rocky Mountains, sharing the Four Corners region with Utah, Colorado, and Arizona. It also ...
.
Subfamily members and relations
Southern Tiwa is spoken in by around 1,600 people in
Isleta Pueblo,
Sandia Pueblo, and
Ysleta del Sur Pueblo (Tigua Pueblo).
The remaining two languages form a subgrouping known as ''Northern Tiwa''. Northern Tiwa consists of
Taos spoken by 800 people in
Taos Pueblo
Taos Pueblo (or Pueblo de Taos) is an ancient pueblo belonging to a Taos language, Taos-speaking (Tiwa languages, Tiwa) Native American tribe of Puebloan peoples, Puebloan people. It lies about north of the modern city of Taos, New Mexico. T ...
and
Picuris spoken by around 220 people in
Picuris Pueblo.
The extinct language of
Piro Pueblo may also have been a Tiwan language, but this is uncertain (see
Piro Pueblo language).
History
After the
Pueblo Revolt
The Pueblo Revolt of 1680, also known as Popé, Popé's Rebellion or Po'pay's Rebellion, was an uprising of most of the Indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish Empire, Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, larger t ...
against the
Spanish conquistador
Conquistadors (, ) or conquistadores (; ; ) were Spanish Empire, Spanish and Portuguese Empire, Portuguese colonizers who explored, traded with and colonized parts of the Americas, Africa, Oceania and Asia during the Age of Discovery. Sailing ...
s in 1680, some of the Tigua and Piro peoples fled south with the Spanish to El Paso del Norte (present-day
Ciudad Juárez
Ciudad Juárez ( , ; "Juárez City"), commonly referred to as just Juárez (Lipan language, Lipan: ''Tsé Táhú'ayá''), is the most populous city in the Administrative divisions of Mexico, Mexican state of Chihuahua (state), Chihuahua. It was k ...
,
Mexico
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...
). There they founded Ysleta del Sur, Texas;
Socorro, Texas
Socorro is a city in El Paso County, Texas, United States. It is located on the north bank of the Rio Grande southeast of El Paso, and on the border of Mexico. El Paso adjoins it on the west and the smaller city of San Elizario on the southeast; ...
; and
Senecú del Sur, Mexico. Their descendants continued to live in these communities as late as 1996.
[Eickhoff, Randy Lee (1996) ''Exiled: The Tigua Indians of Ysleta del Sur,'' Republic of Texas Press, Plano, Texas, ]
See also
*
Jornada del Muerto
Notes
Tanoan languages
Languages of the United States
Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States
Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
Tiwa Pueblo peoples
Pueblo culture
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