The Latin patriarch of Antioch was a prelate of the

Latin Church The Latin Church () is the largest autonomous () particular church within the Catholic Church, whose members constitute the vast majority of the 1.3 billion Catholics. The Latin Church is one of 24 Catholic particular churches and liturgical ...

created in 1098 by Bohemond I of Taranto, founder of the

Principality of Antioch The Principality of Antioch (; ) was one of the Crusader states created during the First Crusade which included parts of Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) and History of Syria#Medieval era, Syria. The principality was much smaller than the County of ...

, one of the

crusader states The Crusader states, or Outremer, were four Catholic polities established in the Levant region and southeastern Anatolia from 1098 to 1291. Following the principles of feudalism, the foundation for these polities was laid by the First Crusade ...

. The jurisdiction of the Latin patriarchs in Antioch extended over the three feudal principalities of Antioch, Edessa, and Tripoli. Towards the end of the twelfth century the island of Cyprus was added. In practice they were far more dependent upon the popes than their predecessors, the Greek patriarchs. After the fall of Antioch (1268) the popes still appointed patriarchs, who, however, were unable to take possession of the see. Since the middle of the fourteenth century they were only titular dignitaries. The title was last conferred in 1925. The recipient resided in Rome and was a member of the chapter of the basilica of St. Mary Major. The Basilica of St. Mary Major was the Antioch patriarchium, or papal major basilica assigned to the patriarch of Antioch, where he officiated when in Rome and near which they resided.

Background

The seat of the

patriarch of Antioch The Patriarch of Antioch is a traditional title held by the bishop of Antioch (modern-day Antakya, Turkey). As the traditional "overseer" (, , from which the word ''bishop'' is derived) of the first gentile Christian community, the position has ...

was one of the oldest and most prestigious in Christendom. At one time it was the principal city of Syria; the third largest city of the Roman Empire, after Rome and Alexandria. When the

East–West Schism The East–West Schism, also known as the Great Schism or the Schism of 1054, is the break of communion (Christian), communion between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. A series of Eastern Orthodox – Roman Catholic eccle ...

took place in 1054, the

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

patriarchs of

Antioch Antioch on the Orontes (; , ) "Antioch on Daphne"; or "Antioch the Great"; ; ; ; ; ; ; . was a Hellenistic Greek city founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 300 BC. One of the most important Greek cities of the Hellenistic period, it served as ...

Jerusalem Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest cities in the world, and ...

, and

Alexandria Alexandria ( ; ) is the List of cities and towns in Egypt#Largest cities, second largest city in Egypt and the List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea, largest city on the Mediterranean coast. It lies at the western edge of the Nile ...

sided with the

patriarch of Constantinople The ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople () is the archbishop of Constantinople and (first among equals) among the heads of the several autocephalous churches that comprise the Eastern Orthodox Church. The ecumenical patriarch is regarded as ...

. After 1054, the See of Antioch came under the influence of the

Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived History of the Roman Empire, the events that caused the ...

. As part of his grand strategy, the

Byzantine Emperor The foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, which Fall of Constantinople, fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as legitimate rulers and exercised s ...

Alexios I Komnenos Alexios I Komnenos (, – 15 August 1118), Latinization of names, Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus, was Byzantine Emperor, Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118. After usurper, usurping the throne, he was faced with a collapsing empire and ...

sought to utilize the military elan and prowess of the Frankish and European princes of the

First Crusade The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the Middle Ages. The objective was the recovery of the Holy Land from Muslim conquest ...

in recovering for him the

Eastern Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived the events that caused the fall of the Western Roman E ...

, including Antioch and its See. However, after the

Siege of Antioch The siege of Antioch took place during the First Crusade in 1097 and 1098, on the crusaders' way to Jerusalem through Syria (region), Syria. Two sieges took place in succession. The first siege, by the crusaders against the city held by the Sel ...

in 1098, Bohemond I of Taranto refused to submit Antioch to Byzantine rule and set himself up as

prince of Antioch Prince of Antioch was the title given during the Middle Ages to Normans, Norman rulers of the Principality of Antioch, a region surrounding the city of Antioch, now known as Antakya in Turkey. The Princes originally came from the County of Sicil ...

History

During the Crusades

The crusaders reinstated at first the Greek patriarch, then John IV as long as the Orthodox patriarch remained there they tried to make him a Catholic instead of appointing a rival. However, when at last he fled to Constantinople they considered the see vacant. Thereupon the Latin Christians elected (1100) a patriarch of their own, an ecclesiastic by the name of

Bernard Bernard ('' Bernhard'') is a French and West Germanic masculine given name. It has West Germanic origin and is also a surname. The name is attested from at least the 9th century. West Germanic ''Bernhard'' is composed from the two elements ''be ...

who had come to the Orient with the crusaders. From that time Antioch had its Latin patriarchs until the last incumbent Christian was put to death by the

Sultan Sultan (; ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be use ...

Baibars Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari (; 1223/1228 – 1 July 1277), commonly known as Baibars or Baybars () and nicknamed Abu al-Futuh (, ), was the fourth Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria, of Turkic Kipchak origin, in the Ba ...

during the conquest of the city in 1268. The Greeks also continued to choose their patriarchs of Antioch, but these lived generally in Constantinople. The

was greatly offended by this and tried to re-establish either a Greek patriarchate or a joint patriarchate. Though the

Treaty of Devol The Treaty of Deabolis () was an agreement made in 1108 between Bohemond I of Antioch and Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, in the wake of the First Crusade. It is named after the Byzantine fortress of Deabolis (modern Devol, Albania). Alth ...

in 1108 nominally restored a Greek patriarch, the treaty was never enforced. Under

Manuel I Komnenos Manuel I Komnenos (; 28 November 1118 – 24 September 1180), Latinized as Comnenus, also called Porphyrogenitus (; " born in the purple"), was a Byzantine emperor of the 12th century who reigned over a crucial turning point in the history o ...

there was briefly a joint patriarchate when

fell under Byzantine control, but for the most part there was only a Latin patriarch. The Byzantine Empire recognized this de facto control of the See of Antioch and the Latin Patriarch soon played a key role in solidifying ties between the Crusader states and the Byzantine Empire. This represented one of the sole instances of coordinated action by Byzantine and the Franks throughout the crusader period, and led to a number of joint political, diplomatic, military, and marriage alliances. The Latin Patriarch of Antioch was established to serve the Catholic members of the diocese and represent all Christians living in its territory and was one of the major ecclesiastical authorities in the

Crusader states The Crusader states, or Outremer, were four Catholic polities established in the Levant region and southeastern Anatolia from 1098 to 1291. Following the principles of feudalism, the foundation for these polities was laid by the First Crusade ...

. Throughout the Crusader period both Greeks and Latins served under its hierarchy which included numerous suffragan bishops, abbots, cathedrals, monasteries, and churches under its ecclesiastical rule. In 1206, seeing that the Byzantine Empire was no longer a threat and wanting to gain the goodwill of his Greek subjects as he feared the Armenians of Cilicia, Prince

Bohemond IV Bohemond IV of Antioch, also known as Bohemond the One-Eyed (; 11751233), was Count of Tripoli from 1187 to 1233, and Prince of Antioch from 1201 to 1216 and from 1219 to 1233. He was the younger son of Bohemond III of Antioch. The dying Raymond ...

restored a Greek Patriarch to Antioch for a short period. The

Mongols Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China ( Inner Mongolia and other 11 autonomous territories), as well as the republics of Buryatia and Kalmykia in Russia. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family o ...

also favored a Greek Patriarch, but Latin Patriarchs held the see until the Crusaders had been ousted.

The Patriarchate in Exile

In 1342, the Greek Patriarchate transferred his seat to Damascus which grew in prominence as the city of Antioch's Christian and overall population declined. Both Latin and Greek Patriarchs continued to be appointed by the Pope and the Byzantine Emperor respectively during the following centuries. However, the Latin Patriarch was a

titular Titular may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media * Title character in a narrative work, the character referred to in its title Religion * Titular (Catholicism), a cardinal who holds a titulus, one of the main churches of Rome ** Titular bisho ...

office, with its seat at the

Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Santa Maria Maggiore (), also known as the Basilica of Saint Mary Major or the Basilica of Saint Mary the Great, is one of the four major papal basilicas and one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome. The largest Marian church in Rome, it is ...

in Rome. It continued to play a role in helping to protect various isolated Christian communities in the Near East and eventually secured their unity with Rome. The last holder of this office was Roberto Vicentini, who held it until his death 1953.

Suppression

The seat remained vacant until the title was suppressed in January 1964, along with the titles of the

Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria The Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria was a nominal patriarchate of the Latin church on the see of Alexandria in Egypt.

and

Constantinople Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empire ...

, it was no longer mentioned in the Vatican yearbook (rather than being announced as being abolished). This was after

Pope Paul VI Pope Paul VI (born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini; 26 September 18976 August 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 until his death on 6 August 1978. Succeeding John XXII ...

met with Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople (see Pope Paul VI and ecumenism), showing the Latin Church by this point was more interested in reconciliation with the Eastern Church, abolishing the titular title.

List of Latin religious heads of Antioch

* Peter I of Narbonne (1098–1100) (Bishop of Albara, ordained by

John John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second E ...

, the Greek Patriarch)The First Crusade
Steven Runciman, page 164, Cambridge University Press, 2005

Latin patriarchs of Antioch

Bernard of Valence Bernard of Valence (died 1135) was the Latin Patriarch of Antioch from 1100 to 1135. Originally from Valence, Bernard was part of the army of Raymond of Saint-Gilles and attended the Battle of Harran and Battle of Ager Sanguinis with Roger of Sa ...

(1100–1135) * Ralph I of Domfront (1135–1139) *

Aimery of Limoges Aimery or Aymery of Limoges (died 1196), also ''Aimericus'' in Latin, ''Aimerikos'' in Greek language, Greek and ''Hemri'' in Armenian language, Armenian, was a Roman Catholic ecclesiarch in Crusader States, Frankish Outremer and the fourth Latin ...

(1139–1193) * Ralph II (1193–1196) *

Peter of Angoulême Peter may refer to: People * List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name * Peter (given name) ** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church * Peter (surname), a sur ...

(1196–1208) * Peter of Ivrea (1209–1216) ** ''vacant'' (1216–1219) * '' Peter of Capua'' (1219), never consecrated * Rainier (1219–1225) * Albert of Rezzato (1226–1245) * Opizo Fieschi (1247–1292), in exile after 1268

Titular Latin patriarchs of Antioch

** ''Unknown'' *

Gerardus Odonis Geraldus Odonis, Guiral Ot in Occitan, (1285, Camboulit, department of Lot – 1349, Catania, Sicily) was a French theologian and Minister General of the Franciscan Order. Life His name appears in medieval manuscripts as Geraldus slightly mor ...

(1342–1349) * Pedro Amariz (Pedro Clasquerin) (1375–1380 Died)"Patriarch Pedro Amariz (Clasquerin)"
'' Catholic–Hierarchy.org''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016 :... * Václav Králík z Buřenic (1397–1416) * Ludovico (1476) :... * Gerard de Crussol (Bastet de Crussol) (1471–1472 Died)"Patriarch Gerard (Bastet) de Crussol"
'' Catholic–Hierarchy.org''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016 * Lorenzo Zanni (Lorenzo Zane) (1473–1485 Died)"Patriarch Lorenzo Zanni (Zane)"
'' Catholic–Hierarchy.org''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016 * Giovanni Michiel (1497–1503 Died)"Giovanni Cardinal Michiel"
'' Catholic–Hierarchy.org''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016 * Alfonso Carafa (bishop) (1504–1505) :... * St. Juan de Ribera (1568–1611 Died)"Archbishop St. Juan de Ribera"
'' Catholic–Hierarchy.org''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016 *

Tomás Dávalos de Aragón Tomás Dávalos de Aragón (died 1621) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Titular Patriarch of Antioch (1611–1621). ''(in Latin)'' Biography Tomás Dávalos de Aragón was born in Spain. On 21 Feb 1611, he was appointed during the p ...

(1611– 1621 Died)"Patriarch Tomás Dávalos de Aragón"
'' Catholic–Hierarchy.org''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016 * Luigi Caetani (1622–1626) * Giovanni Battista Pamphili (1626–1629), later Pope Innocent X of Rome * Cesare Monti (1629–1633) * Fabio Lagonissa (1634–1652) ** ''Unknown'' * Giacomo Altoviti (1667–1693) * Michelangelo Mattei (1693–1699) * Charles Thomas Maillard de Tournon (1701–1710) * Giberto Bartolomeo Borromeo (1711–1717) * Filippo Anastasio (1724–1735) * Joaquín Fernández Portocarrero (1735–1760?) * Giulio Maria della Somaglia (1788–1795) ** ''Unknown'' * Antonio Despuig y Dameto (1799–1813) ** ''Vacant'' (1813–1822) * Lorenzo Girolamo Mattei (1822–1833) ** ''Unknown'' – possibly Fabio Maria Asquini listed as the Titular Archbishop of Tarsus (Antioch) from 1837 and was later

Latin Patriarch of Constantinople The Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople was an office established as a result of the Fourth Crusade and its conquest of Constantinople in 1204. It was a Roman Catholic replacement for the Eastern Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantino ...

. * Albert Barbolani di Montauto (1856–1857) * Iosephus Melchiades Ferlisi (1858–1860, became titular

** ''Vacant'' (1860–1862) * Carolus Belgrado (1862–1866) * Paulus Brunoni (1868–1877) ** ''Vacant'' (1877–1879) * Petrus De Villanova (1879–1881) * Placidus Ralli (1882–1884) ** ''Vacant'' (1884–1886) * Vencentius Tizzani (1886–1892) ** ''Vacant'' (1892–1895) * Francesco di Paola Cassetta (1895–1899) * Carlo Nocella (1899–1901), died 1903, became titular

. * Lorenzo Passarini (1901–1915) * Ladislao Michele Zaleski (1916–1925) * Roberto Vicentini (1925–1953) * ''Vacancy from 1953 until the Latin titular patriarchate was officially abolished in 1964''.

References

Sources and external links

List of Latin Patriarchs of Antioch
by GCatholic.org {{DEFAULTSORT:Antioch, Latin Patriarchate Roman Catholic dioceses in the Crusader states Former Roman Catholic dioceses in Asia Principality of Antioch Lists of popes, primates, and patriarchs Latin Patriarch Roman Catholic archbishops in Asia