Naturally occurring

titanium Titanium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Found in nature only as an oxide, it can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in ...

(₂₂Ti) is composed of five stable

isotope Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or ''nuclides'') of the same chemical element. They have the same atomic number (number of protons in their Atomic nucleus, nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemica ...

s; ⁴⁶Ti, ⁴⁷Ti, ⁴⁸Ti, ⁴⁹Ti and ⁵⁰Ti with ⁴⁸Ti being the most abundant (73.8%

natural abundance In physics, natural abundance (NA) refers to the abundance of isotopes of a chemical element as naturally found on a planet. The relative atomic mass (a weighted average, weighted by mole-fraction abundance figures) of these isotopes is the ato ...

). Twenty-one

radioisotope A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is a nuclide that has excess numbers of either neutrons or protons, giving it excess nuclear energy, and making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ...

s have been characterized, with the most stable being ⁴⁴Ti with a

half-life Half-life is a mathematical and scientific description of exponential or gradual decay. Half-life, half life or halflife may also refer to: Film * Half-Life (film), ''Half-Life'' (film), a 2008 independent film by Jennifer Phang * ''Half Life: ...

of 60 years, ⁴⁵Ti with a half-life of 184.8 minutes, ⁵¹Ti with a half-life of 5.76 minutes, and ⁵²Ti with a half-life of 1.7 minutes. All of the remaining

radioactive Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is conside ...

isotopes have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than half a second. The isotopes of titanium range in

atomic mass Atomic mass ( or ) is the mass of a single atom. The atomic mass mostly comes from the combined mass of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus, with minor contributions from the electrons and nuclear binding energy. The atomic mass of atoms, ...

from 39.00 Da (³⁹Ti) to 64.00 Da (⁶⁴Ti). The primary

decay mode Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is conside ...

for isotopes lighter than the stable isotopes (lighter than ⁴⁶Ti) is β⁺ and the primary mode for the heavier ones (heavier than ⁵⁰Ti) is β⁻; their respective

decay product In nuclear physics, a decay product (also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope, radio-daughter, or daughter nuclide) is the remaining nuclide left over from radioactive decay. Radioactive decay often proceeds via a sequence of steps ( d ...

s are scandium isotopes and the primary products after are vanadium isotopes. Two

stable isotopes The term stable isotope has a meaning similar to stable nuclide, but is preferably used when speaking of nuclides of a specific element. Hence, the plural form stable isotopes usually refers to isotopes of the same element. The relative abundan ...

of titanium (⁴⁷Ti and ⁴⁹Ti) have non-zero

nuclear spin Nuclear may refer to: Physics Relating to the nucleus of the atom: * Nuclear engineering * Nuclear physics * Nuclear power * Nuclear reactor * Nuclear weapon * Nuclear medicine *Radiation therapy *Nuclear warfare Mathematics * Nuclear space * ...

of 5/2− and 7/2−, respectively, and thus are

NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which atomic nucleus, nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are disturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near and far field, near field) and respond by producing ...

-active.

List of isotopes

, -id=Titanium-39 , rowspan=3, ³⁹Ti , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 22 , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 17 , rowspan=3, 39.00268(22)# , rowspan=3, 28.5(9) ms , β⁺, p (93.7%) , ³⁸Ca , rowspan=3, 3/2+# , rowspan=3, , rowspan=3, , - , β⁺ (~6.3%) , ³⁹Sc , - , β⁺, 2p (?%) , ³⁷K , -id=Titanium-40 , rowspan=2, ⁴⁰Ti , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 22 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 18 , rowspan=2, 39.990345(73) , rowspan=2, 52.4(3) ms , β⁺, p (95.8%) , ³⁹Ca , rowspan=2, 0+ , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β⁺ (4.2%) , ⁴⁰Sc , -id=Titanium-41 , rowspan=2, ⁴¹Ti , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 22 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 19 , rowspan=2, 40.983148(30) , rowspan=2, 81.9(5) ms , β⁺, p (91.1%) , ⁴⁰Ca , rowspan=2, 3/2+ , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β⁺ (8.9%) , ⁴¹Sc , -id=Titanium-42 , ⁴²Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 20 , 41.97304937(29) , 208.3(4) ms , β⁺ , ⁴²Sc , 0+ , , , -id=Titanium-43 , ⁴³Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 21 , 42.9685284(61) , 509(5) ms , β⁺ , ⁴³Sc , 7/2− , , , -id=Titanium-43m1 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^43m1Ti , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 313.0(10) keV , 11.9(3) μs , IT , ⁴³Ti , (3/2+) , , , -id=Titanium-43m2 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^43m2Ti , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 3066.4(10) keV , 556(6) ns , IT , ⁴³Ti , (19/2−) , , , - , ⁴⁴Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 22 , 43.95968994(75) , 59.1(3) y , EC , ⁴⁴Sc , 0+ , , , -id=Titanium-45 , ⁴⁵Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 23 , 44.95812076(90) , 184.8(5) min , β⁺ , ⁴⁵Sc , 7/2− , , , -id=Titanium-45m , style="text-indent:1em" , ^45mTi , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 36.53(15) keV , 3.0(2) μs , IT , ⁴⁵Ti , 3/2− , , , -id=Titanium-46 , ⁴⁶Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 24 , 45.952626356(97) , colspan=3 align=center, Stable , 0+ , 0.0825(3) , , -id=Titanium-47 , ⁴⁷Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 25 , 46.951757491(85) , colspan=3 align=center, Stable , 5/2− , 0.0744(2) , , -id=Titanium-48 , ⁴⁸Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 26 , 47.947940677(79) , colspan=3 align=center, Stable , 0+ , 0.7372(3) , , -id=Titanium-49 , ⁴⁹Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 27 , 48.947864391(84) , colspan=3 align=center, Stable , 7/2− , 0.0541(2) , , -id=Titanium-50 , ⁵⁰Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 28 , 49.944785622(88) , colspan=3 align=center, Stable , 0+ , 0.0518(2) , , -id=Titanium-51 , ⁵¹Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 29 , 50.94660947(52) , 5.76(1) min , β⁻ , ⁵¹V , 3/2− , , , -id=Titanium-52 , ⁵²Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 30 , 51.9468835(29) , 1.7(1) min , β⁻ , ⁵²V , 0+ , , , -id=Titanium-53 , ⁵³Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 31 , 52.9496707(31) , 32.7(9) s , β⁻ , ⁵³V , (3/2)− , , , -id=Titanium-54 , ⁵⁴Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 32 , 53.950892(17) , 2.1(10) s , β⁻ , ⁵⁴V , 0+ , , , -id=Titanium-55 , ⁵⁵Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 33 , 54.955091(31) , 1.3(1) s , β⁻ , ⁵⁵V , (1/2)− , , , -id=Titanium-56 , ⁵⁶Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 34 , 55.95768(11) , 200(5) ms , β⁻ , ⁵⁶V , 0+ , , , -id=Titanium-57 , ⁵⁷Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 35 , 56.96307(22) , 95(8) ms , β⁻ , ⁵⁷V , 5/2−# , , , -id=Titanium-58 , ⁵⁸Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 36 , 57.96681(20) , 55(6) ms , β⁻ , ⁵⁸V , 0+ , , , -id=Titanium-59 , ⁵⁹Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 37 , 58.97222(32)# , 28.5(19) ms , β⁻ , ⁵⁹V , 5/2−# , , , -id=Titanium-59m , style="text-indent:1em" , ^59mTi , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 108.5(5) keV , 615(11) ns , IT , ⁵⁹Ti , 1/2−# , , , -id=Titanium-60 , ⁶⁰Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 38 , 59.97628(26) , 22.2(16) ms , β⁻ , ⁶⁰V , 0+ , , , -id=Titanium-61 , ⁶¹Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 39 , 60.98243(32)# , 15(4) ms , β⁻ , ⁶¹V , 1/2−# , , , -id=Titanium-61m1 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^61m1Ti , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 125.0(5) keV , 200(28) ns , IT , ⁶¹Ti , 5/2−# , , , -id=Titanium-61m2 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^61m2Ti , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 700.1(7) keV , 354(69) ns , IT , ⁶¹Ti , 9/2+# , , , -id=Titanium-62 , ⁶²Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 40 , 61.98690(43)# , 9# ms
620 ns, , , 0+ , , , -id=Titanium-63 , ⁶³Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 41 , 62.99371(54)# , 10# ms
620 ns, , , 1/2−# , , , -id=Titanium-64 , ⁶⁴Ti , style="text-align:right" , 22 , style="text-align:right" , 42 , 63.99841(64)# , 5# ms
620 ns, , , 0+ , ,

Titanium-44

Titanium-44 (⁴⁴Ti) is a radioactive isotope of titanium that undergoes

electron capture Electron capture (K-electron capture, also K-capture, or L-electron capture, L-capture) is a process in which the proton-rich nucleus of an electrically neutral atom absorbs an inner atomic electron, usually from the K or L electron shells. Th ...

to an

excited state In quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics is the fundamental physical Scientific theory, theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale of atoms. Reprinted, Add ...

scandium-44 Scandium-44 (44Sc) is a radioactive isotope of scandium that decays by positron emission to stable 44Ca with a half-life of 4.042 hours. 44Sc can be obtained as a daughter radionuclide of long-lived 44Ti (t1/2 60.4 a) from 44Ti /44Sc generato ...

with a half-life of 60 years, before the ground state of ⁴⁴Sc and ultimately ⁴⁴Ca are populated. Because titanium-44 can only decay through electron capture, its half-life increases with its ionization state and it becomes stable in its

fully ionized The degree of ionization (also known as ionization yield in the literature) refers to the proportion of neutral particles, such as those in a gas or aqueous solution, that are ionized. For electrolytes, it could be understood as a capacity of ac ...

state (that is, having a charge of +22). Titanium-44 is produced in relative abundance in the

alpha process The alpha process, also known as alpha capture or the alpha ladder, is one of two classes of nuclear fusion reactions by which stars convert helium into heavier elements. The other class is a cycle of reactions called the triple-alpha process, w ...

stellar nucleosynthesis In astrophysics, stellar nucleosynthesis is the creation of chemical elements by nuclear fusion reactions within stars. Stellar nucleosynthesis has occurred since the original creation of hydrogen, helium and lithium during the Big Bang. As a ...

and the early stages of

supernova A supernova (: supernovae or supernovas) is a powerful and luminous explosion of a star. A supernova occurs during the last stellar evolution, evolutionary stages of a massive star, or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear fusion ...

explosions. It is produced when

calcium-40 Calcium (Ca) has 26 known isotopes, ranging from Ca to Ca. There are five stable isotopes (Ca, Ca, Ca, Ca and Ca), plus one isotope ( Ca) with such a long half-life that it is for all practical purposes stable. The most abundant isotope, Ca, as ...

fuses with an

alpha particle Alpha particles, also called alpha rays or alpha radiation, consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium-4 nucleus. They are generally produced in the process of alpha decay but may also be produce ...

(

helium-4 Helium-4 () is a stable isotope of the element helium. It is by far the more abundant of the two naturally occurring isotopes of helium, making up about 99.99986% of the helium on Earth. Its nucleus is identical to an alpha particle, and consi ...

nucleus) in a star's high-temperature environment; the resulting ⁴⁴Ti nucleus can then fuse with another alpha particle to form chromium-48. The age of supernovae may be determined through measurements of

gamma-ray A gamma ray, also known as gamma radiation (symbol ), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from high energy interactions like the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei or astronomical events like solar flares. It consists ...

emissions from titanium-44 and its abundance. It was observed in the

Cassiopeia A Cassiopeia A (Cas A) () is a supernova remnant (SNR) in the constellation Cassiopeia and the brightest extrasolar radio source in the sky at frequencies above 1 GHz. The supernova occurred approximately away within the Milky Way; ...

supernova remnant and

SN 1987A SN 1987A was a Type II supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. It occurred approximately from Earth and was the closest observed supernova since Kepler's Supernova in 1604. Light and neutrinos ...

at a relatively high concentration, a consequence of delayed decay resulting from ionizing conditions.

References

* Isotope masses from: ** * Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from: ** ** * Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. ** ** ** {{Navbox element isotopes Titanium Titaniun

List of isotopes

Titanium-44

See also

References