Tiruvasakam

''Thiruvasagam'' () is a volume of Tamil hymns composed by the 3rd century Shaivite ''bhakti'' poet Manikkavasagar. It contains 51 compositions and constitutes the eighth volume of the Tirumurai, the sacred anthology of the Tamil Shaiva Siddhanta.

Legend has it that Manikkavasakar was appointed as minister by king Arimarttanar and sent to purchase 10,000 horses from horse traders but spent the money building a temple in Tirupperunturai.

As the legend goes, ''Thiruvasagam'' is the only work which is signed as well as written by Shiva in guise of a Tamil man when narrated by Manikkavasagar. The poet chased the writer but without success but the palm leaf manuscript had been seen inside the locked sanctum sanctorum of Thillai Nataraja with the Lord's signature.

Poet

Manikkavasagar's ''Thiruvasagam'' and ''Thirukovayar'' are compiled as the eighth ''Thirumurai'' and is full of visionary experience, divine love and urgent striving for truth.Subramaniyaswami 2003, p. 494 Though he is not counted as one of the 63 Shaiva ''nayanars'', he is counted as one of the ''Nalvars'' ("The Four") consisting of himself and the first three ''nayanars'' namely Appar, Sambandar and Sundarar. He was born in an Pandithar saivite temple priest guild in Tiruvatavur near Madurai. His father was an adivsor to the Pandya king and he followed his father's footsteps in becoming the king's minister.Jones 2007, p. 276 His period is 3rd century CE. Manikkavasagar was the king's prime minister and renounced his post in search of divinity. The king bestowed his minister to buy horses, but he was taken to divinity by the vision of Siva with his saints. The minister spent his entire sum of money in building the temple at ''Thiruperunturai'', considered an architectural marvel among Hindu temples. From the time, the saint poet wandered to various temples and devoted hymns on Siva. His conversion is attributed to ''Sivagnana bodham'', an saivite work by Meykandar.Macnicol 1915, pp. 171-172 He was an orthodox saivite and represents ''bhakti'' at its highest form in his age.Macnicol 1915, p. 176

Tirupperunturai (), also known as '' Avudayar Koil'', is a Shiva temple where Thiruvasagam is believed to have been originated. Manikkavasagar is said to have converted the king to Shaivism and built the temple with money that had been intended for war-horses.

Work

Most of the portions in ''Thiruvasagam'' is first sung in Thillai Nataraja Temple at Chidambaram. It is considered one of the profound works of Tamil literature and it discusses every phase of spiritual path from doubt and anguish to perfect understanding in Shiva, from earthly experience to teacher-disciple relationship and ultimately freedom from rebirth.Subramuniyaswami 2003, p. 840 There are 658 poems in the work and along with 400 poems in ''Tirukovayar'' by the same author make it the 8th volume of ''Tirumarai'' - the 12 volume Shaiva canon. The author finds both theistic and pantheistic ideas corresponding to medieval India, but identifies God with the universe. Manickavasagar often finds himself unworthy of Shiva being his saviour. "கடையவனேனைக் கருணையினால் கலந்து, ஆண்டுகொண்ட விடையவனே ". It is said that this made Shiva feel sorry for Vasagar and bless him. As a devotional literature, it finds alternatives between joy and sorrow.

Tiruvempavai

"Tiruvempavai" - the early morning wake up songs sung for Shiva on Tamil month Margali are part of Tiruvasakam. Tiruvempavai songs were composed in Annamalaiyar Temple.

In Thailand, an annual Giant Swing ceremony known as ''Triyampavai-Tripavai'' was held in major cities until 1935, when it was abolished for safety reasons. The name of the ceremony was derived from the names of ''Tiruvempavai'' and '' Tiruppavai'' (a Vaishnavite hymn by Andal). It is known that ''Tiruvempavai'' verses — ''poet pratu sivalai'' ("opening the portals of Shiva's home") — were recited at this ceremony, as well as the coronation ceremony of the Thai king. According to T.P. Meenakshisundaram, the name of the festival indicates that Thiruppavai might have been recited as well.

Compilation

Raja Raja Chola I (985-1013 CE) embarked on a mission to recover the hymns after hearing short excerpts of ''Tevaram'' in his court.Culter 1987, p. 50 He sought the help of Nambi Andar Nambi, who was a priest in a temple.Cort 1998, p. 178 It is believed that by divine intervention Nambi found the presence of scripts, in the form of cadijam leaves half eaten by white ants in a chamber inside the second precinct in Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram. The ''brahmanas'' ( Dikshitars) in the temple opposed the mission, but Rajaraja intervened by consecrating the images of the saint-poets through the streets of Chidambaram.Vasudevan 2003, pp. 109-110 Rajaraja thus became known as ''Tirumurai Kanda Cholan'' meaning one who saved the ''Tirumurai''. Thus far Shiva temples only had images of god forms, but after the advent of Rajaraja, the images of the Nayanar saints were also placed inside the temple. Nambi arranged the hymns of three saint poets Sambandar, Appar and Sundarar as the first seven books, Manickavasagar's '' Tirukovayar Thiruvasagam'' as the 8th book, the 28 hymns of nine other saints as the 9th book, the ''Tirumandiram'' of Tirumular as the 10th book, 40 hymns by 12 other poets as the 10th book, ''Tirutotanar Tiruvanthathi'' - the sacred ''anthathi'' of the labours of the 63 nayanar saints and added his own hymns as the 11th book.Zvelebil 1974, p. 191 The first seven books were later called as ''Tevaram'', and the whole Shaiva canon, to which was added, as the 12th book, Sekkizhar's ''Periya Puranam'' (1135 CE) is wholly known as ''Tirumurai'', the holy book.

Grammar

Thiruvasagam songs are a collection of dynamic grammar ( யாப்பு). The following யாப்பு are used in 51 pathigams.

வெண்பா

* கலிவெண்பா
* நேரிசை வெண்பா

ஆசிரியப்பா

* நிலைமண்டில ஆசிரியப்பா
* இணைக்குறள் ஆசிரியப்பா

கலிப்பா

* கொச்சகக் கலிப்பா
* தரவு கொச்சகக் கலிப்பா
* நாலடித் தரவு கொச்சகக் கலிப்பா
* ஆறடித்தரவுக் கொச்சகக் கலிப்பா

விருத்தம்

* கலிவிருத்தம்
* ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்
* அறுசீர் ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்
* எழுசீர் ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்
* அறுசீர்க் கழிநெடிலடி ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்
* எழுசீர்க் கழிநெடிலடி ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்
* எண்சீர் கழிநெடிலடி ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்
* பன்னிரு சீர்க்கழிநெடிலடி ஆசிரிய விருத்தம்

மற்றவை

* கலித்தாழிசை
* கட்டளைக் கலித்துறை
* கலவைப் பாட்டு

Translation works on ''Thiruvasagam''

There is a famous saying
translating to "One who is not melted by ''Thiruvasagam'' cannot be melted by any ''vasagam (saying)''".Macdonell 1994, p. 219 George Uglow Pope, an Anglican Christian missionary, was born on 24 April 1820 on Prince Edward Island in Canada. He became interested in Tamil and learned the language during a six-month ship voyage to India. His ''magnum opus'', an English translation of ''Thiruvasagam'', appeared in 1900. Pope found a close affinity to the utterances of sincere devotion in such verses as 'Longing for devotion alone', 'Without thy presence I pine', 'Deadness of soul', 'God all in all', 'I am thine, save me', 'His love demands my all'.Macnicol 1915, pp. 173 He also compared Manickavasgar to the likes of St. Paul and St. Francis of Assisi.

G.U.Pope Translation

G.U.Pope translated Thiruvasagam.

Victory to the foot of the King, who soothed my soul's unrest and made me His !
Victory to the jewelled foot of Pinnagan, who severs continuity of birth !
Victory to the flower-foot of Him Who is far from those without !
Victory to the anklets of the King, rejoicing 'mid those that fold adoring hands !
Victory to the anklets of the glorious One, who uplifts those that bow the head ! (10)

And in places G.U.Pope mentions the difficulty about translating these Tamil poems to the proper meaning in English.He states,
"Lines 66-95 are well nigh untranslateable, for they contain a subtle and intricate allegory, by means of which the grace of the manifested Shivan, who is praised under the title of the 'Cloud' is set forth. The idea is that the Infinite sea of rapturous supreme felicity is Civan, but - as the Cloud in the monsoon season sucks up water from the sea, and rises in black masses that cover the sky, while all the phenomena of the wonderful outburst of the beneficient, but also fearful, monsoon are exhibited - so does the Supreme manifest Himself as the Guru, the Object of Love, and Give of grace to His worshippers..."

Other works

In 1921, an English translation of the hymns by Sambandhar, Apparswami, Sundaramurthi was done by Francis Kingsbury and GE Phillips, both of United Theological College, Bangalore (Edited by Fred Goodwill) and published in a book as Hymns of the Tamil Śaivite Saints, by the Oxford University Press.

Noted Tamil film music composer Ilayaraja had composed Thiruvasagam in Symphony from the verses of Manikkavasagar's Thiruvasakam as a tribute to the saint and the Tamil itself. All songs are orchestral renditions of the verses of Thiruvasagam.

In culture

Ramalinga Swamigal (1823-1874 CE) is believed to have taken inspiration from ''Thiruvasagam'' for his devotional work.K.R. 2003, pp. 261-262

Portions of Thiruvasagam are also read out by the Chief Brahmin Priest of Thailand during the coronation ceremony of a new Thai King. The ancestors of the Brahmins of the Thai Royal Household are thought to have emigrated from Rameswaram to Thailand centuries back.

List of temple revered in Thiruvasagam

Notes

References

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External links

Transliteration & G. U. Pope's translation of Thiruvasagam





A detailed review of the oratorio of Thiruvasagam by Ilaiyaraja


* ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94bRYdz08jc&list=PLrDHFXR22SMFonGp1s-w6ASr2HEq3EzAF Tiruvempavai explanation meaning
Hymns
Shaiva texts
Shaivism
Tamil-language literature
Bhakti movement