Tīmūr or Temür ( Kypchak: تمور خان;

Turki Chagatai (, ), also known as Turki, Eastern Turkic, or Chagatai Turkic (), is an extinct Turkic language that was once widely spoken across Central Asia. It remained the shared literary language in the region until the early 20th century. It was ...

and

Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...

: تیمور خان ابن تیمور قتلغ) was

Khan Khan may refer to: * Khan (surname), including a list of people with the name * Khan (title), a royal title for a ruler in Mongol and Turkic languages and used by various ethnicities Art and entertainment * Khan (band), an English progressiv ...

of the

Golden Horde The Golden Horde, self-designated as ''Ulug Ulus'' ( in Turkic) was originally a Mongols, Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the division of ...

from 1410 to 1412, in the waning days of the khanate.

Ancestry

According to the ''Muʿizz al-ansāb'' and the ''Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah'', Tīmūr was a son of Tīmūr Qutluq Khan, and a brother of his immediate predecessor Pūlād.

Reign

When the all-powerful

beglerbeg ''Beylerbey'' (, meaning the 'commander of commanders' or 'lord of lords’, sometimes rendered governor-general) was a high rank in the western Islamic world in the late Middle Ages and early modern period, from the Anatolian Seljuks and the Il ...

Edigu Edigu (also Edigey, Eðivkäy or Edege Mangit; 1352–1419) was a Turko-Mongol emir of the White Horde who founded a new political entity, which came to be known as the Nogai Horde. Life Edigu was from the Crimean Manghit tribe, the son of ...

needed to replace Shādī Beg Khan in late 1407, he turned to the sons of the previous khan, Tīmūr Qutluq. He passed over the older son, Tīmūr, who had a reputation for obstinacy, in favor of a younger son, Pūlād. Three years later, with Pūlād and Edigu smarting after a failure to take

Moscow Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents with ...

and the brief usurpation of a rival,

Tokhtamysh Tokhtamysh ( Turki/ Kypchak and Persian: توقتمش; ; ; – 1406) was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1380 to 1395. He briefly succeeded in consolidating the Blue and White Hordes into a single polity. Tokhtamysh belonged to the House of Bo ...

's son Karīm Berdi at Sarai, the bypassed Tīmūr became khan in disputed circumstances. According to one account, he staged a coup, dethroning Pūlād, and causing the now unpopular Edigu to flee. Thus, Tīmūr became khan in late 1410 or early 1411. According to another account, Pūlād was killed in battle by another son of Tokhtamysh's, Jalāl ad-Dīn, but the latter failed to seize power and Edigu placed Tīmūr on the throne, before quarreling with him and being forced to flee. Opposed even by his own eldest son Nūr ad-Dīn, Edigu escaped together with another son, Sulṭān-Maḥmūd (born of Tokhtamysh's daughter Jānika), to

Khwarazm Khwarazm (; ; , ''Xwârazm'' or ''Xârazm'') or Chorasmia () is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the east by the Kyzylkum Desert, on the south by th ...

, which was governed by yet another of his sons, Mubārak Shāh. The new khan, Tīmūr immediately sent an army to pursue the fugitives, under the command of a new beglerbeg, Tekne, and emir the Ghāzān. The khan's force defeated Edigu's and besieged him for some six months, during which there were several bloody battles. While this was going on, Tīmūr, found himself under attack by Tokhtamysh's sons Jalāl ad-Dīn, Sulṭān-Ḥusayn, and Muḥammad. They drove the khan out of Sarai and the eldest of the brothers, Jalāl ad-Dīn, took the throne. Meanwhile, Tīmūr had joined his troops in Khwarazm and attempted to advance against Jalāl ad-Dīn. However, Tīmūr was faced with such desertion to the enemy, that he eventually attempted to flee. His emir Ghāzān was suborned by Jalāl ad-Dīn, whose sister he had married. Getting the beglerbeg Tekne drunk, Ghāzān sent his retainer Jān Khwāja to murder Tīmūr Khan, sometime in late 1411 or early 1412.

Descendants

Tīmūr is said to have married one of Edigu's daughters.Seleznëv 2009: 186; Tizengauzen 2006: 263, although the source, Naṭanzī, might be conflating the brothers Pūlād and Tīmūr into one khan (he does not mention Pūlād). Only one son is known, Muḥammad, known as Küchük Muḥammad ("Little Muḥammad"), who would rule the Golden Horde in 1434–1459, and would be the ancestor of later khans there, in

Astrakhan Astrakhan (, ) is the largest city and administrative centre of Astrakhan Oblast in southern Russia. The city lies on two banks of the Volga, in the upper part of the Volga Delta, on eleven islands of the Caspian Depression, from the Caspian Se ...

, and eventually even in

Transoxiana Transoxiana or Transoxania (, now called the Amu Darya) is the Latin name for the region and civilization located in lower Central Asia roughly corresponding to eastern Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, parts of southern Kazakhstan, parts of Tu ...

Genealogy

Genghis Khan Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan (title), khan of the Mongol Empire. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongols, Mongol tribes, he launched Mongol invasions and ...

Jochi Jochi (; ), also spelled Jüchi, was a prince of the early Mongol Empire. His life was marked by controversy over the circumstances of his birth and culminated in his estrangement from his family. He was nevertheless a prominent Military of the ...

Tuqa-Timur Tuqa-Temür (also ''Toqa-Temür'' and ''Toghai-Temür'', in the Perso-Arabic orthography of the sources rendered ''Tūqā-Tīmūr'' or ''Tūqāy-Tīmūr'') was the thirteenth and youngest or penultimate son of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan ...

*Kay Timur *Abay *Numqan *Qutluq Tīmūr *Tīmūr Beg * Tīmūr Qutluq *Tīmūr

References

Bibliography

* Gaev, A. G., "Genealogija i hronologija Džučidov," ''Numizmatičeskij sbornik'' 3 (2002) 9-55. * Howorth, H. H., ''History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century.'' Part II.1. London, 1880. * Pilipčuk, J. V., and Ž. M. Sabitov, "Bor'ba Toktamyševičej za vlast' v 10–20-h gg. XV v.," ''Iz istorii i kult'ury narodov Srednego Povolž'ja'' 6 (2016) 110-125. * Počekaev, R. J., ''Cari ordynskie: Biografii hanov i pravitelej Zolotoj Ordy''. Saint Petersburg, 2010. * Reva, R., "Borba za vlast' v pervoj polovine XV v.," in ''Zolotaja Orda v mirovoj istorii'', Kazan', 2016: 704-729. * Sabitov, Ž. M., ''Genealogija "Tore"'', Astana, 2008. * Seleznëv, J. V., ''Èlita Zolotoj Ordy: Naučno-spravočnoe izdanie'', Kazan', 2009. * Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), ''Sbornik materialov otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz persidskih sočinenii'', republished as ''Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah.'' 4. Almaty, 2006. {{end box 15th-century monarchs in Asia 15th-century monarchs in Europe Khans of the Golden Horde

Ancestry

Reign

Descendants

Genealogy

See also

References

Bibliography