Timothy (Szretter)
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Timothy, secular name Jerzy Szretter (born May 16, 1901, in Tomachów near
Rivne Rivne ( ; , ) is a city in western Ukraine. The city is the administrative center of Rivne Oblast (province), as well as the Rivne Raion (district) within the oblast.
, died May 20, 1962, in
Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
) was a Polish
Orthodox Orthodox, Orthodoxy, or Orthodoxism may refer to: Religion * Orthodoxy, adherence to accepted norms, more specifically adherence to creeds, especially within Christianity and Judaism, but also less commonly in non-Abrahamic religions like Neo-pag ...
clergyman Clergy are formal leaders within established religions. Their roles and functions vary in different religious traditions, but usually involve presiding over specific rituals and teaching their religion's doctrines and practices. Some of the ter ...
, the third . After graduating from the Orthodox Theological Seminary in Warsaw and ordination to the priesthood, he served in the
Volhynia Volhynia or Volynia ( ; see #Names and etymology, below) is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe, between southeastern Poland, southwestern Belarus, and northwestern Ukraine. The borders of the region are not clearly defined, but in ...
n diocese and was a chaplain for Orthodox soldiers in the Polish army. In 1938, he was
consecrated Sacred describes something that is dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a deity; is considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion; or inspires awe or reverence among believers. The property is often ascribed to objects (a ...
as a bishop. During World War II, due to his strong support for the Polonization of the
Polish Orthodox Church The Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church (), commonly known as the Polish Orthodox Church, or Orthodox Church of Poland, is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches in full communion. The church was established in 1924, to accommodate O ...
, expressed during the Second Polish Republic, he stayed in the Monastery of St. Onuphrius in Jabłeczna, without influencing the direction of the church's development. Between 1948 and 1951, and again between December 1959 and May 1961, he temporarily administered the Polish Orthodox Church, which was without a leader at that time. In 1961, he was elected Metropolitan of Warsaw and all Poland with overt support from Polish state authorities, and in violation of the procedures outlined in the Church's Internal Statute, which led to protests from clergy and believers. He died after one year of holding the position.


Early life

He completed high school in
Ostroh Ostroh ( , ) is a city in Rivne Oblast, western Ukraine. It is situated on the Horyn River. Ostroh was the administrative center of Ostroh Raion until 2020, but as a city of oblast significance did not belong to the raion. Currently the city is ...
. From 1925 to 1930, he studied at the of the
University of Warsaw The University of Warsaw (, ) is a public university, public research university in Warsaw, Poland. Established on November 19, 1816, it is the largest institution of higher learning in the country, offering 37 different fields of study as well ...
. On 11 August 1930, he was
ordained Ordination is the process by which individuals are Consecration in Christianity, consecrated, that is, set apart and elevated from the laity class to the clergy, who are thus then authorized (usually by the religious denomination, denominationa ...
to the priesthood at the
Pochaiv Lavra __NOTOC__ The Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra (, , ), also sometimes known as the Pochaiv Monastery, is a monastery and lavra in Pochaiv, Kremenets Raion, Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine. The monastery tops a 60-metre hill in the town of Pochaiv, 18&nbs ...
and was assigned to the parish in Łanowiec. In December 1933, he was transferred from the ''
pospolite ruszenie ''Pospolite ruszenie'' (, lit. ''mass mobilization''; "Noble Host", , the French term ''levée en masse'' is also used) was the wartime mobilisation of all or a specific part of able-bodied male population of the state into armed forces during ...
'' to the reserve of military clergy, simultaneously appointed as a reserve
chaplain A chaplain is, traditionally, a cleric (such as a minister, priest, pastor, rabbi, purohit, or imam), or a lay representative of a religious tradition, attached to a secular institution (such as a hospital, prison, military unit, intellige ...
with seniority from 1 January 1934, and ranked 6th among Orthodox military clergy. Subsequently, as a reserve chaplain, he was called to active duty and appointed as the acting dean of the Orthodox district of in
Lublin Lublin is List of cities and towns in Poland, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the centre of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin i ...
. In 1938, after the death of his wife Lidia, he took
religious vows Religious vows are the public vows made by the members of religious communities pertaining to their conduct, practices, and views. In the Buddhist tradition, in particular within the Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions, many different kinds of r ...
.


Bishop

On 27 November 1938, at the
Pochaiv Lavra __NOTOC__ The Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra (, , ), also sometimes known as the Pochaiv Monastery, is a monastery and lavra in Pochaiv, Kremenets Raion, Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine. The monastery tops a 60-metre hill in the town of Pochaiv, 18&nbs ...
, he received
episcopal Episcopal may refer to: *Of or relating to a bishop, an overseer in the Christian church *Episcopate, the see of a bishop – a diocese *Episcopal Church (disambiguation), any church with "Episcopal" in its name ** Episcopal Church (United States ...
consecration from the hands of
Dionysius Waledyński Metropolitan Dionysius (born Konstantin Nikolayevich Valedinsky 4 May/16 May 1876 in Murom, Vladimir Governorate, Imperial Russia - 15 March 1960, Warsaw, Poland) was the Metropolitan of Warsaw and all Poland and the primate of the Polish Orthodox ...
, Metropolitan of Warsaw and all Poland. He was appointed as the
vicar A vicar (; Latin: '' vicarius'') is a representative, deputy or substitute; anyone acting "in the person of" or agent for a superior (compare "vicarious" in the sense of "at second hand"). Linguistically, ''vicar'' is cognate with the English p ...
of the with the title of Bishop of Lublin. According to , his consecration took place under pressure from the Polish state authorities, who aimed to Polonize the Polish Orthodox Church, while the majority of the hierarchy and clergy in the church's structures were
Russians Russians ( ) are an East Slavs, East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe. Their mother tongue is Russian language, Russian, the most spoken Slavic languages, Slavic language. The majority of Russians adhere to Eastern Orthodox Church ...
,
Ukrainians Ukrainians (, ) are an East Slavs, East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine. Their native tongue is Ukrainian language, Ukrainian, and the majority adhere to Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, forming the List of contemporary eth ...
, and
Belarusians Belarusians ( ) are an East Slavs, East Slavic ethnic group native to Belarus. They natively speak Belarusian language, Belarusian, an East Slavic language. More than 9 million people proclaim Belarusian ethnicity worldwide. Nearly 7.99&n ...
. However, Jerzy Szretter was positively inclined towards the plans for Polonization of the Orthodox structures in Poland. He undertook activities in this direction within the Diocese of Warsaw and Chełm after his consecration as bishop. Alongside Bishop and Bishop , he was one of the greatest proponents of Polonization within the clergy of the Polish Orthodox Church.


World War II

After the outbreak of
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, he arrived from the
St. Onuphrius Monastery in Jabłeczna St. Onuphrius Monastery is a stauropegion Eastern Orthodoxy, Orthodox male monastery in Jabłeczna, Poland, under the jurisdiction of the Polish Orthodox Church. The monastery was founded no later than the late 15th century. According to legend, ...
, where he had resided, to
Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
. However, the ruling hierarch of the Diocese of Warsaw and Chełm since November 1939, Metropolitan
Seraphim Lade Seraphim (Alfred Lade or Karl Georg Albert Lade) (4 June 1883 in Leipzig - 14 September 1950 in Munich) was a metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia. During World War II, he supported the invasion of the USSR, but he also saved ...
of Berlin and Germany, sent him back to the monastery due to his pro-Polish views. Bishop Timothy returned to active church activities on 30 September 1940, as a member of the council of bishops of the (the establishment of such a structure was announced by Metropolitan Dionysius at the end of September of the same year). On the same day, he was granted the title of auxiliary bishop of the . After the formation of the Church Synod, Bishop Timothy did not join its ranks due to his pre-war pro-Polish stance, which was inconsistent with the policy of Ukrainization of the Polish Orthodox Church. On 10 August 1944, the chairman of the
Polish Committee of National Liberation The Polish Committee of National Liberation ( Polish: ''Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego'', ''PKWN''), also known as the Lublin Committee, was an executive governing authority established by the Soviet-backed communists in Poland at the la ...
,
Edward Osóbka-Morawski Edward Bolesław Osóbka-Morawski (5 October 1909 – 9 January 1997) was a Polish activist and politician in the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) before World War II, and after the Soviet takeover of Poland, Chairman of the Communist-dominated int ...
, agreed to his temporary administration of the Diocese of Chełm and Podlachia. During his supervision of the aforementioned administration, the
deportation Deportation is the expulsion of a person or group of people by a state from its sovereign territory. The actual definition changes depending on the place and context, and it also changes over time. A person who has been deported or is under sen ...
of Ukrainians to the USSR took place, leading to the closure of over 160 pastoral facilities due to lack of parishioners. Timothy (Szretter) did not protest against this; in a formal letter at the turn of 1944 and 1945, he stated that leaving the parishes in
Lublin Lublin is List of cities and towns in Poland, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the centre of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 336,339 (December 2021). Lublin i ...
,
Chełm Chełm (; ; ) is a city in eastern Poland in the Lublin Voivodeship with 60,231 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is located to the south-east of Lublin, north of Zamość and south of Biała Podlaska, some from the border with Ukraine. The ...
,
Biała Podlaska Biała Podlaska (; ) is a city in the Lublin Voivodeship in eastern Poland with 56,498 inhabitants It is the capital of Biała Podlaska County, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The city lies on ...
,
Hrubieszów Hrubieszów (; ; , or ) is a town in southeastern Poland, with a population of around 18,212 (2016). It is the capital of Hrubieszów County within the Lublin Voivodeship. Throughout history, the town's culture and architecture was strongly shaped ...
, and
Włodawa Włodawa () is a town in eastern Poland on the Bug River, close to the borders with Belarus and Ukraine. It is the seat of Włodawa County, situated in the Lublin Voivodeship. it has a population of 13,500. Geography The town lies along the borde ...
in his area of responsibility would be sufficient. He also requested not to liquidate the monastery in
Jabłeczna Jabłeczna is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sławatycze, within Biała Podlaska County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately north-east of Sławatycze, south-east of ...
. In October of the same year, Bishop Timothy also took over the administration of Orthodox parishes in the
Białystok Białystok is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. It is the List of cities and towns in Poland, tenth-largest city in Poland, second in terms of population density, and thirteenth in area. Biał ...
region. As a temporary head of the Orthodox Church structures in this region, contrary to the wishes of the local parish clergy, he opposed their transfer to the jurisdiction of the
Russian Orthodox Church The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; ;), also officially known as the Moscow Patriarchate (), is an autocephaly, autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox Christian church. It has 194 dioceses inside Russia. The Primate (bishop), p ...
.


After World War II

In 1946, the Department of Denominations of the Ministry of Public Administration began to suggest to Dionysius, Metropolitan of Warsaw and all Poland, to resign from his office (ultimately, the clergyman was forced to do so). Bishop Timothy was considered as his possible successor. On 14 October 1945, he became one of the vice-presidents of the Polish Ecumenical Council. From 1946, as an
archbishop In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdi ...
, he led the Białystok-Bielsko diocese, renamed on 7 September 1951, to the . In 1947, he became the vice-chairman of the Orthodox Metropolitan Committee for Aid to Resettlers in the Recovered Territories, where he engaged in organizing pastoral care and material support for Orthodox Christians who were resettled in these regions of Poland. In the same year, he founded the first female monastery within the post-war borders of Poland – the monastery on
Grabarka Holy Mount Grabarka Holy Mount () is a mount located next to the village of the same name in the Nurzec-Stacja Commune, Siemiatycze County, Podlaskie Voivodeship in eastern Poland. It is the most important place of religious worship for Orthodox believers ...
. In 1948, together with Metropolitan Dionysius, he developed a project for reforming the church's administrative division, which never came into force. In 1948, the communist authorities finally decided to remove Metropolitan Dionysius from office. Until a new primate of the Polish Orthodox Church was elected, the church was to be governed by a body not provided for by Orthodox canonical law – the Temporary Governing Collegium of the Polish Orthodox Church, consisting of Archbishop Timothy (Szretter) as chairman, Bishop George Korenistov, priest , priest Eugeniusz Naumow, priest Wsiewołod Łopuchowicz, priest , and Mikołaj Sieriebriannikow. On November 12, Archbishop Timothy officially served as the ''
locum tenens A locum, or locum tenens, is a person who temporarily fulfills the duties of another; the term is especially used for physicians or clergy. For example, a ''locum tenens physician'' is a physician who works in the place of the regular physician. ...
'' of the Warsaw metropolitans. Earlier, in April of the same year, he initiated talks with
Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow Patriarch Alexy I (Alexius I, , secular name Sergey Vladimirovich Simansky, ; – 17 April 1970) was the 13th Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus', Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) between 1945 and 1970. Life Born in Moscow to a noble ...
to clarify the controversies surrounding the canonical status of the Polish Orthodox Church, and on 21 May 1948, he became the temporary administrator of the Recovered Territories diocese, a position he held until September of the same year. In June 1948, he was one of the delegates of the Polish Orthodox Church to the Moscow Patriarchate. The delegation renounced the
autocephaly Autocephaly (; ) is the status of a hierarchical Christian church whose head bishop does not report to any higher-ranking bishop. The term is primarily used in Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches. The status has been compared with t ...
granted by the Patriarchate of Constantinople and applied for its re-issuance by the Russian Orthodox Church, after which they accepted the relevant tomos from the patriarch. At the request of Archbishop Timothy on 30 June 1948, the Polish authorities prohibited Metropolitan Dionysius from continuing to reside in the metropolitan house in Warsaw and began preparations to designate another permanent place of residence for him. Archbishop Timothy, like the other bishops of the Polish Orthodox Church, maintained a loyal relationship with the state authorities. In 1949, he publicly asserted that there was no room for any form of religious oppression in Poland. However, the existing plan from 1946 for him to assume the office of metropolitan was abandoned. According to the state authorities, the hierarch's authority among the clergy of the Polish Orthodox Church was insufficient. Archbishop Timothy was also accused of lacking organizational talents and necessary experience. Ultimately, Timothy (Szretter) remained the ''locum tenens'' of the Warsaw metropolitans until the arrival of Archbishop Macarius Oksiyuk from the USSR, delegated to the Polish Orthodox Church by the Patriarch of Moscow and elected as the head of the Orthodox Church in Poland on 7 July 1951. Earlier, in 1950, he facilitated the opening of the Orthodox Theological School in Warsaw, later transformed by Metropolitan Macarius into a seminary. After 1956, Archbishop Timothy effectively began to manage the entire church again due to Metropolitan Macarius' advanced age and poor health. In 1957, the Office for Religious Affairs considered the idea of removing Metropolitan Macarius and reinstating Archbishop Timothy as the ''locum tenens''. Timothy was described as an intelligent, tactful individual who understood the situation and was ready to carry out the authorities' orders even when they were not favorable to him (such as in the matter of filling the office of metropolitan). During the same period, Timothy was registered by the Department IV of the XI Public Security Committee as a "confidential contact" under the pseudonym Beard Man (), although due to the destruction of documentation, it is not possible to determine the nature of his collaboration with the services.


Metropolitan of Warsaw and all Poland

After Macarius' departure to the USSR and his death in
Odesa Odesa, also spelled Odessa, is the third most populous List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern ...
in 1961, the state authorities brought about the election of Timothy as metropolitan (since December 1957, he had been again the ''locum tenens''). Delegations from the
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (, ; ; , "Roman Orthodox Patriarchate, Ecumenical Patriarchate of Istanbul") is one of the fifteen to seventeen autocephalous churches that together compose the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is heade ...
and the
Romanian Orthodox Church The Romanian Orthodox Church (ROC; , ), or Romanian Patriarchate, is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox Christian denomination, Christian churches, and one of the nine patriarchates in the East ...
participated in the metropolitan's
enthronement An enthronement is a ceremony of inauguration, involving a person—usually a monarch or religious leader—being formally seated for the first time upon their throne. Enthronements may also feature as part of a larger coronation rite. In ...
. His election was also positively received by the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia. Metropolitan Timothy was elected by the Council of Bishops of the Polish Orthodox Church, not by the Electoral Council as stipulated in the church's statute, leading to protests from the clergy and the faithful. The newly elected metropolitan was accused of assuming the office against canonical law. Allegations of moral nature were also raised against him. Petitions and complaints regarding the circumstances of Timothy's assumption of office, as well as his person and conduct, were sent to the State Council of the Polish People's Republic, the
Council of Ministers Council of Ministers is a traditional name given to the supreme Executive (government), executive organ in some governments. It is usually equivalent to the term Cabinet (government), cabinet. The term Council of State is a similar name that also m ...
, the ''
Sejm The Sejm (), officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland (), is the lower house of the bicameralism, bicameral parliament of Poland. The Sejm has been the highest governing body of the Third Polish Republic since the Polish People' ...
'', the Office for Religious Affairs, and the Patriarch of Moscow. One member of the Council of Bishops of the Polish Orthodox Church, Bishop
Bazyli Doroszkiewicz Metropolitan Bazyli (secular name: Włodzimierz Doroszkiewicz) (b. 15 March 1914, Cisy, Vistula Land, Russian Empire - d. 11 February 1998, Warsaw, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland) was a Polish Orthodox Bishop, the fifth Metropolitan of Warsaw and ...
, also protested against the electoral process. He claimed that the appointment to the office had been decided by employees of the Office for Religious Affairs, and Adam Wołowicz, who treated the Polish Orthodox Church as a mere object. As the Metropolitan of Warsaw and all Poland, the hierarch represented the church during the preparations for the pan-Orthodox council. Together with representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church, he engaged in the peace movement. In 1961, he founded a Polish-speaking parish in Warsaw, with Father Jerzy Klinger as its parish priest, but it ceased its activities due to the lack of faithful interested in services in Polish. Controversies surrounding Metropolitan Timothy persisted throughout his tenure until his death on 20 May 1962. Metropolitan Timothy (Szretter) was buried in the
Orthodox Cemetery in Warsaw The Orthodox Cemetery in Warsaw () is an historic Eastern Orthodox cemetery located in the Wola district of Warsaw, Poland. History In 1834 the first Orthodox parish was established in Warsaw and a decision was made to set up a cemetery for the c ...
.


References


Bibliography

* * * * {{Primates of the Polish Orthodox Church 1901 births 1962 deaths Bishops of the Polish Orthodox Church