Timnath (ruin)

Khirbet et-Tibbâneh (''Hurvat Tibneh'' / ''Kh. Tibna'')(), sometimes referred to by historical geographers as the ''Timnah of Judah'' (), is a small ruin situated on a high ridge in the Judaean mountains, in the ''Sansan Nature Reserve'', above sea level, about 3 kilometers east of Aviezer and ca. 7 kilometers southeast of Bayt Nattif.

The site is thought to have formerly borne the name Timnath (distinct from the Tel Batash-Timnah site associated with the biblical story of Samson in the lower foothills of Judea along the Sorek valley).Clermont-Ganneau (1875), p. 169 ''Khirbet et-Tibbaneh'' or ''Timnah'' is perched upon a high mountain ridge rising up from the Elah valley and is where the episode of Judah and Tamar is thought to have taken place.Emerton (1975), p. 344

Etymology

Orientalists, Clermont-Ganneau and Edward Robinson, have made a point in showing the etymological Hebrew origins of certain Arabic place-names, saying that the Hebrew place-name Timnah was to be recognised in the Arabic corruption, ''Tibneh'' or ''Tibna''. John William McGarvey (1829–1911) who quotes Conder on the linguistic evidence of the name says that, in Arabic, "the substitution of B for M is so common (as in Tibneh for Timnah)..." Both names have been preserved in the respective sites.

Site and identification

In ancient Jewish classical literature, two distinct sites in the land of Judah bore the name Timnath (Timnah).''Encyclopaedia Judaica'' (vol. 15), Jerusalem 1971, p. 1147 (s.v. Timnah) The Book of Joshua records the names of two towns, both in the tribal inheritance of Judah and having the identical name of Timnath; the one Timnath (Josh. 15:10) being transcribed alongside the name of Beit Shemesh, while the other Timnath (Josh. 15:57) being transcribed alongside the name of Gibeah (of Judah), a town said to be Jab'a. The Jerusalem Talmud (''Sotah'' 1:8) relates the following tradition: "Rav has said: There were two Timnaths; one mentioned in connection with Judah, and the other mentioned in connection with Samson." The Talmudic exegetes have explained that Samson, who lived in the hilltop town of Zorah near Beit Shemesh, is said to have 'gone down' to Timnath, but Judah is said to have 'gone up' to Timnath. ''Kh. et-Tibbâneh'' is thought to be the Timnath (Timnah) mentioned in connection with Judah and Tamar (Genesis 38: 13, 14), although this view remains inconclusive.

''Khirbet et Tibbaneh'' (''Tibna'') was visited by Palestine Exploration Fund explorers, Conder and Kitchener, in the late 19th-century, where they described the ruin as follows: "Timnah - A town of Judah (Josh. XV. 57), mentioned with Gibeah. There is a ruin called ''Tibna'' near Jeb'a, in the higher hills of ʾArkûb, distinct from Tibneh (Sheet XVI), which represents the Timnah of Joshua XV.10."

Others are unsure of its identification, since the site has yet to be fully excavated.

Site's description

The ancient ruin sits on a high mountain ridge about 2 kilometers west of ''Khirbet Sanasin''. The site lies northeast of Adullam. On its site is found the remnant of a square Iron Age fortress which apparently offered security along the route from the valley of Elah to Betar and to Jerusalem.Meltzer, M. (2000), p. 213 The area of the fortress is , where two walls made of fieldstones and ashlar masonry still remain, whose hollowed spaces were filled-in with smaller stones. Amihai Mazar suggests that the structure served as either a fortress or an administrative center, and most likely manned by a garrison to secure the roads between the major towns of the Shephelah and the string of settlements along the edge of the hill region.

The mound is almost entirely strewn with razed boulders, and ancillary walls, partially standing, are to be seen on the ruin. On its eastern side is a steep declivity, descending down into the valley below, ''Wadi Tibbaneh'' (''Wadi Tibna''), where it joins Etzion Valley (''Wady el Jindy'') to its south at a drop of about . The valley seemed to have been used for horticulture in ages past. Sherds dot the landscape, with occasional carob trees, oaks and buckthorns. Near the site is a modern-day quarry and two ancient cisterns. In close proximity to ''Khirbet et-Tibbaneh'' is the old military patrol road, leading from Tzur Hadassah to Aviezer.

History

''Khirbet et-Tibbaneh'' (''Tibna'') is thought to be the "Tapuna" mentioned in the list of Thutmose III.

Israeli archaeologist Michael Avi-Yonah also thinks the site to have been the ''Timnah'' (Thamnatha) mentioned in 1 Maccabees (9:50–52) and later mentioned by Josephus in ''Antiquities of the Jews'' 13.1.3, one of several places fortified by Bacchides in ca. 160 BCE after the death of Judas Maccabeus. Others suggest that the account in ''Maccabees'' may refer to another Timna (Thamnatha), that called Khirbet Tibnah in southwestern Samaria at Mount Ephraim, about northwest of Bethel.

It is generally accepted that the Mishnaic scholar Simeon the Yemenite was born and raised in one of the two Timnahs during the waning years of the Second Temple period based on the vowels assigned to his name (). He is noted for saying: "A ''mamzer'' is anyone who is born from an llegalunion for which his parents are liable to kareth." (Mishnah, Yebamot 4:13; Babylonian Talmud, ''Yebamot'' 49a), and which teaching comes to exclude a single parent who gave birth to a child outside of wedlock, and whose child is often wrongly called "bastard" under common law.

Archaeological finds

As of 2018, the site at Khirbet Tibbaneh has yet to be excavated. The site was surveyed by Dani Weiss, Boaz Zissu and Gideon Solimany of the Israel Antiquities Authority, who discovered a segment of an ancient road that was 200 m. long, 2.5 m. wide. A cursory review of the site has revealed late Iron II sherds. Mazar, Amihai (1981), p. 246

Gallery

File:Khirbet et-Tibbaneh - 2.jpg, Khirbet et-Tibbâneh
File:Khirbet et-Tibbaneh.jpg, Walls of Timnah
File:General ruins at Khirbet et-Tibbaneh.jpg, General ruins
File:Khirbet et-Tibbaneh (Tel Timna).jpg, Timnath of Judah
File:Khirbet et-Tibbaneh (Timna of Judah).jpg, Khirbet et-Tibbâneh
File:Timnah - wall.jpg, Remains of thick wall at Khirbet et-Tibbâneh
File:Ruin of Tibbaneh.jpg, Ruin of Timnath (Tibbaneh)
File:Site at Khirbet et-Tibbaneh.jpg, Site at Khirbet et-Tibbâneh
File:Stone at Khirbet et-Tibbaneh.jpg, Stone at Khirbet et-Tibbâneh
File:Thick wall at Timna - Khirbet et-Tibbaneh.jpg, Thick wall at Timnath ruin
File:Three foundation stones.jpg, Three foundation stones
File:View looking north from Tel Tibna.jpg, View looking north from ruin
File:View looking south from Tel Timna.jpg, View looking south
File:Walled structure.jpg, Walled structure

References

Bibliography

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* Clermont-Ganneau, C. (1875)
The Site of the City of Adullam
''Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement'' 7.3 (July), pp. 168–177
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External links

*Survey of Western Palestine, 1880 Map, Map 17
IAA
Wikimedia commons

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khirbet et-Tibbaneh
Historic Jewish communities
Ancient Jewish settlements of Judaea
Former populated places in Israel
District of Jerusalem
Archaeological sites in Israel
Canaanite cities
Biblical geography
Iron Age sites in Israel
Ancient Israel and Judah
Hebrew Bible cities
Tells (archaeology)
Biblical cities
Valley of Elah