This is a timeline of the events relating to the discovery that peptic ulcer disease and some cancers are caused by ''H. pylori''. In 2005, Barry Marshall and Robin Warren were awarded the

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine () is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize is not a single prize, but five separate prizes that, acco ...

for their discovery that

peptic ulcer disease Peptic ulcer disease is when the inner part of the stomach's gastric mucosa (lining of the stomach), the first part of the small intestine, or sometimes the lower esophagus, gets damaged. An ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer, while ...

(PUD) was primarily caused by ''

Helicobacter pylori ''Helicobacter pylori'', previously known as ''Campylobacter pylori'', is a gram-negative, Flagellum#bacterial, flagellated, Bacterial cellular morphologies#Helical, helical bacterium. Mutants can have a rod or curved rod shape that exhibits l ...

'', a

bacterium Bacteria (; : bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the ...

with affinity for acidic environments, such as the

stomach The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the upper gastrointestinal tract of Human, humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates. The Ancient Greek name for the stomach is ''gaster'' which is used as ''gastric'' in medical t ...

. As a result, PUD that is associated with ''H. pylori'' is currently treated with

antibiotic An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting pathogenic bacteria, bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the therapy ...

s used to eradicate the infection. For decades prior to their discovery, it was widely believed that PUD was caused by excess

acid An acid is a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton (i.e. Hydron, hydrogen cation, H+), known as a Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, Brønsted–Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair, known as a Lewis ...

in the

. During this time, acid control was the primary method of treatment for PUD, to only partial success. Among other effects, it is now known that acid suppression alters the stomach milieu to make it less amenable to ''H. pylori'' infection.

Background

Before the 1950s, there were many microbiological descriptions of bacteria in the stomach and in gastric acid secretions, lending credence to both the infective theory and the hyperacidity theory as being causes of peptic ulcer disease. A single study, conducted in 1954, did not find evidence of bacteria on biopsies of the stomach stained traditionally; this effectively established the acid theory as

dogma Dogma, in its broadest sense, is any belief held definitively and without the possibility of reform. It may be in the form of an official system of principles or doctrines of a religion, such as Judaism, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, or Islam ...

. This paradigm was altered when Warren and Marshall effectively proved

Koch's postulates Koch's postulates ( ) are four criteria designed to establish a causality, causal relationship between a microbe and a disease. The postulates were formulated by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in 1884, based on earlier concepts described by ...

for causation of PUD by ''H. pylori'' through a series of experiments in the 1980s; however, an extensive effort was required to convince the medical community of the relevance of their work. Now, all major gastrointestinal societies agree that ''H. pylori'' is the primary nondrug cause of PUD worldwide, and advocate its eradication as essential to treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. Additionally, ''H. pylori'' has been associated with

lymphomas Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). The name typically refers to just the cancerous versions rather than all such tumours. Signs and symptoms may include enlarged lymph node ...

and

adenocarcinomas Adenocarcinoma (; plural adenocarcinomas or adenocarcinomata ; AC) is a type of cancerous tumor that can occur in several parts of the body. It is defined as neoplasia of epithelial tissue that has glandular origin, glandular characteristics, o ...

of the stomach, and has been classified by the

World Health Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) is a list of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations which coordinates responses to international public health issues and emergencies. It is headquartered in Gen ...

as a

carcinogen A carcinogen () is any agent that promotes the development of cancer. Carcinogens can include synthetic chemicals, naturally occurring substances, physical agents such as ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, and biologic agents such as viruse ...

. Advances in

molecular biology Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecule, molecular basis of biological activity in and between Cell (biology), cells, including biomolecule, biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactio ...

in the late 20th century led to the sequencing of the ''H. pylori'' genome, resulting in a better understanding of

virulence factor Virulence factors (preferably known as pathogenicity factors or effectors in botany) are cellular structures, molecules and regulatory systems that enable microbial pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa) to achieve the following: * c ...

s responsible for its colonization and infection, on the DNA level.

Pre-20th century

;Pre 16th century :

Hippocrates Hippocrates of Kos (; ; ), also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician and philosopher of the Classical Greece, classical period who is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is traditionally referr ...

first describes gastric symptoms. :

Avicenna Ibn Sina ( – 22 June 1037), commonly known in the West as Avicenna ( ), was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world, flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian peoples, Iranian ...

notes the relationship between gastric pain and mealtimes. ;1586 :Marcellus Donatus of Mantua performs autopsies and describes gastric ulcers. ;1688 :Johannes von Murault observes

duodenal ulcer Peptic ulcer disease is when the inner part of the stomach's gastric mucosa (lining of the stomach), the first part of the small intestine, or sometimes the lower esophagus, gets damaged. An ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer, while ...

s. ;1728 :Stahl hypothesizes that some

fever Fever or pyrexia in humans is a symptom of an anti-infection defense mechanism that appears with Human body temperature, body temperature exceeding the normal range caused by an increase in the body's temperature Human body temperature#Fever, s ...

s are related to gastric inflammation and ulceration. ;1761 :Pain is associated with stomach ulcers. ;1799 : Matthew Baillie publishes a description of ulcers. ;1812 : Broussais discovers that if acute

gastritis Gastritis is the inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It may occur as a short episode or may be of a long duration. There may be no symptoms but, when symptoms are present, the most common is upper abdominal pain (see dyspepsia). Othe ...

is untreated, it can become chronic. ;1821 :Nepveu argues for a relationship between gastritis and

gastric cancer Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a malignant tumor of the stomach. It is a cancer that develops in the lining of the stomach. Most cases of stomach cancers are gastric carcinomas, which can be divided into a number of subtypes ...

. ;1822 : William Beaumont first demonstrates the acidity of the stomach and a relationship between acid levels and mood. ;1868 : Kussmaul suggests using

bismuth Bismuth is a chemical element; it has symbol Bi and atomic number 83. It is a post-transition metal and one of the pnictogens, with chemical properties resembling its lighter group 15 siblings arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth occurs nat ...

compounds, an antibacterial agent, to treat peptic ulcers (

bismuth subsalicylate Bismuth subsalicylate, sold generically as pink bismuth and under brand names including Pepto-Bismol, Pepti-Calm, and BisBacter, is a medication used to treat temporary discomfort of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract. This includes an upset ...

has since been used in many commercial drugs, including Pepto Bismol as part of antibacterial ''H. pylori'' treatment). The antibacterial properties of bismuth were not known until much later. ;1875 :G. Bottcher and M. Letulle hypothesize that ulcers are caused by

bacteria Bacteria (; : bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one Cell (biology), biological cell. They constitute a large domain (biology), domain of Prokaryote, prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micr ...

. ;1880 : J. Cohnheim suggests that ulcers may be caused by chemical factors. ;1881 : Klebs notes the presence of bacteria-like organisms in the lumen of the gastric glands.Fukuda, Yoshihiro et al., "Kasai, Kobayashi and Koch's postulates in the history of ''Helicobacter pylori''", in ''Helicobacter Pioneers'', pp. 15–24. ;1889 : Walery Jaworski describes spiral organisms in sediment washings of humans. He suggests these organisms might be involved with gastric disease. ;1892 : Giulio Bizzozero observes spiral organisms in the stomach of dogs.Figura, Natale & Laura Bianciardi, "Helicobacters were discovered in Italy in 1892: An episode in the scientific life of an eclectic pathologist, Giulio Bizzozero", in ''Helicobacter Pioneers'', pp. 1–13. ;1896 :Saloon finds spirochetes in the stomachs of cats and mice.

1900–1950

;1905 :F. Reigel suggests that ulcers are caused by excess acid. ;1906 :Krienitz finds bacteria in the stomach of people with gastric cancer. :Turck feeds dogs ''Bacillus coli'' and produces ulcers. ;1907 :Berkley Moynihan suggests that acid is a cause of ulcers. ;1910 :Schwartz publishes the excess acid theory of the ulcer, coining the famous phrase "no acid, no ulcer." :Gibelli claims to be unable to reproduce Turck's study where he artificially created ulcers by feeding dogs bacteria. ;1913 :Rosenow suggests that streptococci produce ulcers. ;1915 :

Antacid An antacid is a substance which neutralization (chemistry), neutralizes gastric acid, stomach acidity and is used to relieve heartburn, indigestion, or an upset stomach. Some antacids have been used in the treatment of constipation and diarrhe ...

s are first recommended for the treatment of PUD. :Bacteria are associated with PUD, but it is assumed that the bacteria reside in the mouth. ;1919 :Katsuya Kasai and Rokuzo Kobayashi isolate

spirochete A spirochaete () or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetota (also called Spirochaetes ), which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) Gram-negative bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or ...

s in cats and transmit them to rabbits, producing ulcers. ;1921 :Luger discovers spirochetes in the gastric juice, and associates their presence with gastric cancer. ;1924 :Luck and Seth discover

urease Ureases (), functionally, belong to the superfamily of amidohydrolases and phosphotriesterases. Ureases are found in numerous Bacteria, Archaea, fungi, algae, plants, and some invertebrates. Ureases are nickel-containing metalloenzymes of high ...

in the human stomach, which they believe is naturally occurring. ;1925 :Hoffman injects a small sample from a human with PUD into a guinea pig, producing ulcers, and isolates a bacterium which he believes caused the ulcers. ;1936 :First edition of the Russian ''Large Medical Encyclopedia'' suggests infection is one of the causes of PUD.Mozorov, Igor A., "''Helicobacter pylori'' was discovered in Russia in 1974", in ''Helicobacter Pioneers'', pp. 105–118. ;1939 :A. Stone Freedberg begins a study to look for bacteria in the human stomach at Beth Israel Hospital. He finds ''H. pylori''. It is rumored that others cannot reproduce the results, although no negative results are published.Freedberg, A. Stone, "An Early Study of Human Stomach Bacteria", in ''Helicobacter Pioneers'', pp. 25–28. :James Doenges describes spirochetes in autopsies. ;1940 :Freedberg and Baron observe spirochetes in autopsies. Freedberg abandons his research, however, after his boss advises him to move to another subject. In 2005, Marshall speculates that Freedberg would have won the Nobel Prize in 1951 had he continued his work. ;1948 :Fitzgerald and Murphy hypothesize that PUD is caused by acid eating away mucosa, and demonstrate the effectiveness of

urea Urea, also called carbamide (because it is a diamide of carbonic acid), is an organic compound with chemical formula . This amide has two Amine, amino groups (–) joined by a carbonyl functional group (–C(=O)–). It is thus the simplest am ...

as a treatment for PUD.O'Connor, Humphrey J. and Colm A. O'Morain, "Gastric urease in ulcer patients in the 1940s: The Irish connection", in ''Helicobacter Pioneers'', pp. 29–38.

1950–1970

;1951 :J. Allende publishes a book describing the treatment of gastric ulcers with

penicillin Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of beta-lactam antibiotic, β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from ''Penicillium'' Mold (fungus), moulds, principally ''Penicillium chrysogenum, P. chrysogenum'' and ''Penicillium rubens, P. ru ...

. ;1953 :Dintzis and Hastings are able to stop

production in mice with

s, suggesting a relationship between urease and a bacterial infection. ;1954 :Palmer publishes a study which finds no bacteria in the human stomach. He concludes earlier discoveries were a result of contamination. He chooses not to use a silver

stain A stain is a discoloration that can be clearly distinguished from the surface, material, or medium it is found upon. They are caused by the chemical or physical interaction of two dissimilar materials. Accidental staining may make materials app ...

ing method, which will be later used to reveal ''H. pylori'' by Warren and Marshall. ;1955 :Tarnopolskaya observes that penicillin seems to cure some peptic ulcers. :Moutier and Cornet suggest treating gastritis with antibiotics. :Kornberg and Davies observe that antibiotics reduce urease in cats. ;1957 :Charles Lieber and Andre Lefèvre discover that antibiotics reduce gastric urea to

ammonia Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the chemical formula, formula . A Binary compounds of hydrogen, stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinctive pu ...

conversion. ;1958 :Gordon observes that penicillin cures some peptic ulcers. : John Lykoudis successfully treats his own

gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis, also known as infectious diarrhea, is an inflammation of the Human gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal tract including the stomach and intestine. Symptoms may include diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Fever, lack of ...

with antibiotics.Rigas, Basil and Efstathios D. Papavassiliou, "John Lykoudis: The general practitioner in Greece who in 1958 discovered etiology of, and a treatment for, peptic ulcer disease", in ''Helicobacter Pioneers'', pp. 75–84. :Lieber and Lefèvre present their results at the World Congress of Gastroenterology in Washington. It is not well received because of the widespread belief that bacteria cannot survive in the human stomach, due to Palmer.Lieber, Charles S. J., "How it was discovered in Belgium and the USA (1955–1976) that Gastric Urease was Caused by a Bacterial Infectio", in ''Helicobacter Pioneers'', pp. 39–52. ;1959 :Lieber and Lefèvre publish a follow-up study demonstrating that antibiotics prevent the conversion of urea to ammonia in the human stomach. :Conway et al. call into question the extent of urease produced by bacteria in mice, as an argument against the bacterial theory of PUD. ;1960 :Vital and Orrego observe '' Campylobacter''-like organisms in the stomachs of cats and dogs. :Lykoudis is awarded a Greek patent (#22,453) for his antibiotic treatment of PUD. ;1962 :Susser and Stein publish a paper identifying a cohort phenomenon of PUD in England. This is taken as evidence for stress causing PUD. ;1964 :Lykoudis presents his antibiotic treatment for PUD at a meeting of the Medico-Surgical Society in Greece. He is largely shunned by the medical establishment. ;1966 :Lykoudis' manuscript is rejected by the

Journal of the American Medical Association ''JAMA'' (''The Journal of the American Medical Association'') is a peer-reviewed medical journal published 48 times a year by the American Medical Association. It publishes original research, reviews, and editorials covering all aspects of ...

. ;1967 :Susumu Ito describes ''Campylobacter''-like organisms attached to a gastric

epithelial cell Epithelium or epithelial tissue is a thin, continuous, protective layer of Cell (biology), cells with little extracellular matrix. An example is the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Epithelial (Mesothelium, mesothelial) tissues line ...

. ;1968 :Lykoudis is fined 4,000 drachmas for treating PUD patients with his treatment, which includes antibiotics.

1970–21st century

;1971 :Howard Steer observes ''H. pylori'' from biopsies of a patient with ulcers. ;1972 :The first report of successfully using furazolidone (an antibacterial agent) to treat PUD in China. ;1974 :Morozov observes ''H. pylori''; he does not connect this discovery to PUD. :A well regarded study of PUD is published which does not mention bacteria. ;1975 :Steer and Colin-Jones publish their results regarding ''H. pylori'' and its relation to PUD. They decide that it was ''

Pseudomonas ''Pseudomonas'' is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae in the class Gammaproteobacteria. The 348 members of the genus demonstrate a great deal of metabolic diversity and consequently are able to colonize a ...

'', a contaminant, and not related to PUD. ;1978 :At a meeting of the American Gastroenterology Association in Las Vegas, several papers are presented which suggest that acid control via H₂ blockers is ineffective at curing PUD. ;1979 :Ramsey publishes a study demonstrating that bismuth can help eradicate PUD. Bismuth is an antibacterial agent, although this is not recognized by Ramsey. :J. Robin Warren first observes ''H. pylori'' in a gastric biopsy. :Fung, Papadimitriou, and Matz observe ''H. pylori''. ;1981 :Yao Shi observes bacteria in the stomach, but he believes they are passing through the stomach and not colonizing it. :''July'': Barry Marshall joins gastroenterology division of Royal Perth Hospital and meets Robin Warren :''October'': Marshall and Warren successfully treat their first PUD patient with antibiotics. ;1982 :Satoha et al. find evidence for an infectious cause of ulcers in rats. :Marshall and Warren begin their first study to determine the relationship between ''H. pylori'' and PUD. :First successful culturing of ''H. pylori'' performed; it occurs almost by accident. :''October'': Marshall discovers the bacteria he is investigating are not campylobacteria, by looking at

electron micrograph A micrograph is an image, captured photographically or digitally, taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnify, magnified image of an object. This is opposed to a macrograph or photomacrograph, an image which is also taken ...

s. :''October 2'': Marshall presents his and Warren's results at a local College of Physicians meeting. He meets with criticism, which Marshall later admits was well-founded (at least in part). ;1983 :''January'': Two letters authored by Warren and Marshall, respectively, are sent to ''The Lancet'' describing their results. :''February'': Gastroenterological Society of Australia rejects Marshall's abstract to present his research at their yearly conference. They deem it in the bottom 10% of papers submitted. The same abstract is accepted for presentation at a ''Campylobacter'' workshop in Brussels. :''April'': Marshall and Ian Hislop begin a study to compare bismuth treatment with

cimetidine Cimetidine, sold under the brand name Tagamet among others, is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production. It is mainly used in the treatment of heartburn and peptic ulcers. With the development of proton pump ...

. The study is abandoned because it is inconclusive. :''June'': Warren and Marshall's letter appears in ''The Lancet''. :''September'': ''H. pylori'' is observed in patients outside of Australia. :After the appearance of the letters in ''The Lancet'', groups around the world begin isolating ''H. pylori''. ;1984 :A paper describing Marshall and Warren's results is accepted by the Gastroenterological Society of Australia for presentation. :Marshall and Goodwin attempt to infect pigs with ''H. pylori'' in an attempt to demonstrate that it causes PUD. The experiment fails. :Marshall and Warren's paper is accepted by ''The Lancet'' in May and published in June. Many reviewers dislike the paper. :McNulty and Watson are able to reproduce Marshall and Warren's results. :''June 12'': Marshall intentionally consumes ''H. pylori'' and becomes ill. He takes antibiotics and is relieved of his symptoms. :The

National Health and Medical Research Council The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) is the main statutory authority of the Australian Government responsible for medical research. It was the eighth largest research funding body in the world in 2016, and NHMRC-funded res ...

of Australia fully funds Marshall's research into ''H. pylori''. :A study is published in China about the effectiveness of treating PUD with an antibacterial agent. :''July 31'': ''

The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...

'' publishes an article by its medical correspondent Dr. Lawrence K. Altman on the possible link between ''H. pylori'' and PUD. He states in 2002, "I’ve never seen the medical community more defensive or more critical of a story" since he joined the newspaper in 1969. : Thomas Borody developed the bismuth-based "Triple Therapy" consisting of bismuth and two antibiotics. This became the first truly successful treatment for ''H. pylori'' with an eradication rate greater than 90%. ;1985 :Marshall publishes the results of self-induced infection. ;1987 :Drumm and colleagues following a study of children reported in the New England Journal of Medicine that ''Helicobacter pylori'' was specifically associated with primary or unexplained gastric inflammation and primary duodenal ulceration, whereas the bacteria were not found in association with secondary gastric inflammation and ulcers due to causes such as Crohn's disease or critical illness. Because gastritis and duodenal ulceration are rare in children, this study had the capacity to demonstrate that Warren and Marshall were correct in claiming that ''H. pylori'' was a specific pathogen rather than, as had been suggested by some, merely an opportunistic colonizer of an inflamed or ulcerated mucosal surface. This was the first time that New England Journal of Medicine, the world's leading medical journal, published a study on ''Helicobacter pylori''. :Morris intentionally consumes ''H. pylori''. Like Marshall, he becomes ill, but unlike Marshall, he is not completely cured by antibiotics. The infection will remain with him for three years. :An extensive study in Dublin demonstrates that eradicating ''H. pylori'' substantially reduces recurrence of ulcers. ;1990 :Borody's triple therapy became commercialized in the United States under the product name ''Helidac''. :Rauws and Tytgat describe cure of duodenal ulcer by eradication of ''H. pylori'' using Borody's triple therapy combination. Triple-therapy, modernized to a

proton pump inhibitor Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications that cause a profound and prolonged reduction of stomach acid production. They do so by irreversibly inhibiting the stomach's H+/K+ ATPase proton pump. The body eventually synthesizes ne ...

and two antibiotics, soon becomes first line therapy for eradication. :World Congress of Gastroenterology recommends eradicating ''H. pylori'' to cure duodenal ulcers. :First report of resistance of ''H. pylori'' to the antibiotic

metronidazole Metronidazole, sold under the brand name Flagyl and Metrogyl among others, is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication. It is used either alone or with other antibiotics to treat pelvic inflammatory disease, endocarditis, and bacterial vagino ...

. Resistance of ''H. pylori'' to treatment will lead to the development of many different antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor regimens for eradication. ;1992 :Fukuda et al. prove ingestion of ''H. pylori'' causes gastritis in rhesus monkeys. :Covacci et al. sequence the ''CagA'' gene, which encodes for a cytotoxin-associated surface protein, which correlated strongly with strains of ''H. pylori'' that caused duodenal ulcers. This was the first description of a

for ''H. pylori'' infection determined by

molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions that satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, ...

techniques. ;1994 :Fujioka et al. prove similar results as those from Fukuda et al. :

Patent A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an sufficiency of disclosure, enabling discl ...

s for acid reducing drugs expire, removing financial incentive to resist antibiotics as treatment of PUD. :A conference held by National Institute of Health (USA) demonstrates the general acceptance of ''H. pylori'' as cause of PUD in the US. :The

's International Agency for Research on Cancer declares ''H. pylori'' a Group 1

. : Parsonnet et al. describe an association between ''H. pylori'' and

lymphoma Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). The name typically refers to just the cancerous versions rather than all such tumours. Signs and symptoms may include enlarged lymph node ...

s of the gastrointestinal tract. These

malignant Malignancy () is the tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse; the term is most familiar as a characterization of cancer. A ''malignant'' tumor contrasts with a non-cancerous benign tumor, ''benign'' tumor in that a malig ...

ulcers can also be treated by eradicating ''Helicobacter''. ;1997 :Tomb et al. complete sequencing of the entire 1,667,867

base pair A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA ...

s of the ''H. pylori'' genome. This assists in identifying new

s for the infectivity of ''H. pylori'' on the molecular level. ;2001 :Chan et al. show in a randomized control trial that eradication of ''H. pylori'' even prevents bleeding from ulcers that is caused by

aspirin Aspirin () is the genericized trademark for acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, fever, and inflammation, and as an antithrombotic. Specific inflammatory conditions that aspirin is ...

and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. ;2002 :The European ''Helicobacter Pylori'' Study Group published the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report, suggesting a "test-and-treat" strategy for ''H. pylori'' in young patients without atypical symptoms. This strategy advocates the use of noninvasive testing to evaluate for ''H. pylori'' and simply treating if found, even in the absence of ulcer disease documented on

endoscopy An endoscopy is a procedure used in medicine to look inside the body. The endoscopy procedure uses an endoscope to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body. Unlike many other medical imaging techniques, endoscopes are insert ...

. ;2005 :Warren and Marshall are awarded the

for their work on ''H. pylori'' and PUD.

References

External links

* Barry J. Marshall (2001)
"One hundred years of discovery and rediscovery of ''Helicobacter pylori'' and its association with peptic ulcer disease"
Chapter 3 o
Helicobacter pylori:'' Physiology and Genetics''
ed. by Harry L. T. Mobley, George L. Mendz, and Stuart L. Hazell. ASM Press. . {{Featured list Peptic ulcer disease and Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter pylori Infectious causes of cancer