The following is a timeline of the

history History is the systematic study of the past, focusing primarily on the Human history, human past. As an academic discipline, it analyses and interprets evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened. Some t ...

of the city of

Mashhad Mashhad ( ; ), historically also known as Mashad, Meshhed, or Meshed in English, is the List of Iranian cities by population, second-most-populous city in Iran, located in the relatively remote north-east of the country about from Tehran. ...

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

Prior to 20th century

* 330 BCE - Passage and residence of

Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon (; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip ...

during his Persian campaign. Probably the first settlement in the modern city area. * 818 CE - Death of

Ali al-Ridha Ali al-Rida (, 1 January 766 – 6 June 818), also known as Abū al-Ḥasan al-Thānī, was a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the eighth imam in Twelver Shia Islam, succeeding his father, Musa al-Kazim. He is also part of th ...

(8th

Imam Imam (; , '; : , ') is an Islamic leadership position. For Sunni Islam, Sunni Muslims, Imam is most commonly used as the title of a prayer leader of a mosque. In this context, imams may lead Salah, Islamic prayers, serve as community leaders, ...

Twelver Shia Twelver Shi'ism (), also known as Imamism () or Ithna Ashari, is the largest branch of Shi'a Islam, comprising about 90% of all Shi'a Muslims. The term ''Twelver'' refers to its adherents' belief in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as th ...

Islam) at Sanābādh;

Imam Reza shrine The Imam Reza shrine (; ) is a Shi'ite shrine, imamzadeh and mausoleum complex, located in Mashhad, in the province of Razavi Khorasan, Iran. The shrine contains the grave of Ali al-Rida, who is regarded as the eighth Imam in Shia Islam. Als ...

established. * 970s-990s -

Imam Reza Shrine The Imam Reza shrine (; ) is a Shi'ite shrine, imamzadeh and mausoleum complex, located in Mashhad, in the province of Razavi Khorasan, Iran. The shrine contains the grave of Ali al-Rida, who is regarded as the eighth Imam in Shia Islam. Als ...

demolished "in an act of fanaticism" by

Ghaznavid The Ghaznavid dynasty ( ''Ġaznaviyān'') was a Persianate Muslim dynasty of Turkic ''mamluk'' origin. It ruled the Ghaznavid Empire or the Empire of Ghazni from 977 to 1186, which at its greatest extent, extended from the Oxus to the Indus Va ...

Nāṣer-al-dawla Sübüktigin. * 1009 -

rebuilt. * 1121 - Town wall built. * 1161 - Mashhad sacked by Ghuzz Turks. * 1389 - Nearby Tus besieged and "left a heap of ruins" by forces of Timurid

Miran Shah Mirza Jalal-ud-din Miran Shah Beg (1366 – 20 April 1408), commonly known as Miran Shah (), was a son of the Central Asian conqueror Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire. During his father's reign, Miran Shah was initially a powerful regio ...

; refugees flee to Mashhad. * 1418 -

Goharshad Mosque The Goharshad Mosque (; ) is a grand Sunni Friday mosque (''jāmeh'') that is part of the Imam Reza Shrine complex, located in Mashhad, in the province of Razavi Khorasan, Iran. Construction of the mosque commenced in 1418 CE, during the Ti ...

built. Retrieved 9 February 2017 * 1426 - Bala-yi sar madrasa built at the Imam Reza shrine. * 1439 - Du-dar madrasa built by

Shah Rukh Shah Rukh or Shahrukh Mirza (, ''Šāhrokh''; 20 August 1377 – 13 March 1447) was the ruler of the Timurid Empire between 1405 and 1447. He was the son of the Central Asian conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), who founded the Timurid dynasty in 1370 ...

at the Imam Reza shrine. * 1457 - Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi established. * 1501 - Twelver Shia Islam declared official state religion in Iran, a development beneficial to Mashhad as a

holy city A holy city is a city important to the history or faith of a specific religion. Such cities may also contain at least one headquarters complex (often containing a religious edifice, seminary, shrine, residence of the leading cleric of the religi ...

(approximate date). * 1507 - Mashhad taken by forces of Uzbek Muhammad Shaybani. * 1544 - Mashhad sacked by Uzbek forces. * 1589 - Mashhad besieged by forces of Shaybanid Abd al-Mumin. * 1598 - Mashhad taken by forces of

Abbas I of Persia Abbas I (; 27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629), commonly known as Abbas the Great (), was the fifth Safavid shah of Iran from 1588 to 1629. The third son of Shah Mohammad Khodabanda, he is generally considered one of the most important rulers i ...

; Uzbeks defeated. * 1722 - Afghan Abdalis in power. * 1726 - Mashhad besieged by Persian forces. * 1753 - Mashhad besieged by forces of Afghan

Ahmad Shah Durrani Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (; ; – 4 June 1772), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī (), was the first ruler and founder of the Durrani Empire. He is often regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan. Throughout his reign, Ahmad Shah fought ov ...

. * 1803 - Mashhad besieged by forces of

Fath Ali Shah Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (; 5 August 1772 – 24 October 1834) was the second Shah of Qajar Iran. He reigned from 17 June 1797 until his death on 24 October 1834. His reign saw the irrevocable ceding of Iran's northern territories in the Caucasus, com ...

. * 1849 - Mashhad taken by forces of Husam al-Saltana. * 1876 - Palace of Abbas Mirza built. * 1889 - British and Russian governments maintain consulates-general.

20th century

* 1912 - 29 March: Bombing of city by Russians. * 1918 ** Mashhad municipality (administrative entity) formed. ** Mirza Abdol-Raheem Khan Zand Kashef ol-Molk (میرزا عبدالرحیم خان زند کاشف الملک) becomes the city's first mayor. * 1920 - Population: 70,000-80,000 (approximate estimate). * 1925 / 1304 SH - 31 March:

Solar Hijri calendar The Solar Hijri calendar is the official calendar of Iran. It is a solar calendar, based on the Earth's orbit around the Sun. Each year begins on the day of the March equinox and has years of 365 or 366 days. It is sometimes also called the S ...

legally adopted in Iran. * 1949 - Razavi University established. * 1959 - Nader Shah Mausoleum erected. * 1963 - Population: 312,186 (estimate). * 1964 - Astan Quds Razavi Central Museum inaugurated. * 1966 - Mashhad railway station opens. * 1968 - (cinema) established. * 1970 - (cinema) established. * 1971 - (cinema) established. * 1980 - (zoo) established. * 1982 - Population: 1,120,000 (estimate). * 1983 - Samen Stadium opens. * 1995 - Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi new building opens. * 1996 - Population: 1,887,405.

21st century

* 2004 ** Proma Hypermarket in business. ** City becomes part of the newly formed Razavi Khorasan Province. * 2011 ** Mashhad Urban Railway begins operating. ** Siah Jamegan Aboumoslem Khorasan F.C. (football club) formed. ** (velodrome) opens. **

Imam Reza Stadium The AQR Stadium (, ''Vârzeshgah-e AQR'') is an all-seater stadium, all-seated Association football, football stadium located in Mashhad, Iran. The stadium has a seating capacity of 27,700 and is the sixth biggest stadium in Iran. It hosts some ...

construction begins. ** Population: 2,766,258. * 2013 - 14 June:

Local election In many parts of the world, local elections take place to select office-holders in local government, such as mayors and councillors. Elections to positions within a city or town are often known as "municipal elections". Their form and conduct var ...

held. * 2014 ** Sowlat Mortazavi becomes mayor. ** City becomes part of newly formed national administrative Region 5.

References

''This article incorporates information from the Persian Wikipedia.''

Bibliography

in English

* * * * *
1993 reprint
* * * (Article about the shrine) *

in other languages

* 1883-1885 *

External links

Items related to Mashhad
various dates (via Qatar Digital Library) *
Items related to Mashhad
various dates (via

Europeana Europeana is a web portal created by the European Union containing digitised cultural heritage collections of more than 3,000 institutions across Europe. It includes records of over 50 million cultural and scientific artefacts, brought togethe ...

)
Items related to Mashhad
various dates (via

Digital Public Library of America The Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) is a US project aimed at providing public access to digital holdings in order to create a large-scale public digital library. It officially launched on April 18, 2013, after two-and-a-half years of dev ...

) * {{Years in Iran Years in Iran Mashhad

mashhad Mashhad ( ; ), historically also known as Mashad, Meshhed, or Meshed in English, is the List of Iranian cities by population, second-most-populous city in Iran, located in the relatively remote north-east of the country about from Tehran. ...