The Tiwa, less commonly Tigua, are a group of related

Tanoan Tanoan ( ), also Kiowa–Tanoan or Tanoan–Kiowa, is a family of languages spoken by indigenous peoples in present-day New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Most of the languages – Tiwa (Taos, Picuris, Southern Tiwa), Tewa, and Towa � ...

Pueblo peoples The Pueblo peoples are Native Americans in the Southwestern United States who share common agricultural, material, and religious practices. Among the currently inhabited Pueblos, Taos, San Ildefonso, Acoma, Zuni, and Hopi are some of the ...

New Mexico New Mexico is a state in the Southwestern United States, Southwestern region of the United States. It is one of the Mountain States of the southern Rocky Mountains, sharing the Four Corners region with Utah, Colorado, and Arizona. It also ...

that traditionally speak a

Tiwa language Tiwa ( ) (Spanish ''Tigua'', also ''E-nagh-magh'') is a group of two, possibly three, related Tanoan languages spoken by the Tiwa Puebloans, Tiwa Puebloan peoples, Pueblo, and possibly Piro Pueblo, in the U.S. state of New Mexico. Subfamily mem ...

(although some speakers have switched to Spanish and/or English), and are divided into the two Northern Tiwa groups, in

Taos Taos or TAOS may refer to: Places * Taos County, New Mexico, United States ** Taos, New Mexico, a city, the county seat of Taos County, New Mexico *** Taos art colony, an art colony founded in Taos, New Mexico ** Taos Pueblo, a Native American ...

and

Picuris Picuris Pueblo (; Tiwa: P'įwweltha ’ī̃wːēltʰà is a historic pueblo in Taos County, New Mexico, United States. The federally recognized tribe of Pueblo people inhabit the community. Picurís Pueblo is a member of the Eight Northern Pueb ...

, and the Southern Tiwa in

Isleta Pueblo of Isleta ( , ; ) is an unincorporated community and Tanoan pueblo in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, United States, originally established in the . The Southern Tiwa name of the pueblo is (Shee-eh-whíb-bak) meaning "a knife laid o ...

and Sandia, around what is now

Albuquerque Albuquerque ( ; ), also known as ABQ, Burque, the Duke City, and in the past 'the Q', is the List of municipalities in New Mexico, most populous city in the U.S. state of New Mexico, and the county seat of Bernalillo County, New Mexico, Bernal ...

, and in

Ysleta del Sur Ysleta del Sur Pueblo or Tigua Pueblo is a Native American Pueblo and federally recognized tribe in the Ysleta section of El Paso, Texas. Its members are Southern Tiwa people who had been displaced from Spanish New Mexico from 1680 to 1681 during ...

near

El Paso El Paso (; ; or ) is a city in and the county seat of El Paso County, Texas, United States. The 2020 United States census, 2020 population of the city from the United States Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau was 678,815, making it the List of ...

Texas Texas ( , ; or ) is the most populous U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. It borders Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the we ...

Name

''Tiwa'' is the English name for these peoples, which is derived from the Spanish term ''Tigua'' and put into use by

Frederick Webb Hodge Frederick Webb Hodge (October 28, 1864 – September 28, 1956) was an American editor, anthropology, anthropologist, Archaeology, archaeologist, and historian. Born in England, he immigrated at the age of seven with his family to Washington, DC ...

. The Spanish term has also been used in English writings although the term ''Tiwa'' now is dominant. In Spanish ''Tigua'' only was applied to the Southern Tiwa groups (in Tiguex territory). Spanish variants of ''Tigua'' include ''Cheguas'', ''Chiguas'', ''Téoas'', ''Tiguas'', ''Tigües'', ''Tiguesh'', ''Tigüex'', ''Tiguex'', ''Tigüez'', ''Tihuex'', ''Tioas'', ''Tziquis''. The names ''Atzigues'', ''Atziqui'', ''Tihues'', and ''Tziquis'' were originally applied to the Piro but later writers confused these terms for the Piro with the terms for the Southern Tiwa. A further confusion is with some of the terms for the

Tewa The Tewa are a linguistic group of Pueblo people, Pueblo Native Americans in the United States, Native Americans who speak the Tewa language and share the Pueblo culture. Their homelands are on or near the Rio Grande in New Mexico north of San ...

(''Tegua'', ''Tehuas'', ''Teoas'') being applied to both the Tewa and (Southern) Tiwa indiscriminately. The forms ''Tiguesh'', ''Tigüex'', and ''Tiguex'' are meant to represent a pronunciation of , which is supposedly an Isletan term meaning "Isletan" according to

Adolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier Adolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier (August 6, 1840March 18, 1914) was a Swiss and American archaeologist who particularly explored the indigenous cultures of the American Southwest, Mexico, and South America. He immigrated to the United States wi ...

. The term ''Tiguan'' is usually given instead Bandelier's ''Tigüex'' — this being a representation of the Isletan term for "Southern Tiwas" and recorded in modern times as ''Tíwan'' with the term ''Tiwáde'' for the singular "(a) Southern Tiwa" ( J. P. Harrington recorded the singular as ''Tiwa'' and said that ''Tiwa/Tiwan'' could also be used to refer to Northern Tiwas). The Spanish spelling of the name as ''Tihua'' is contemporarily accepted, though the anglicized form (''Tiwa'') is, perhaps, academically more prevalent. The Governor of the New Mexico Territory,

LeBaron Bradford Prince LeBaron Bradford Prince (July 3, 1840December 8, 1922) was an American lawyer and politician who served as chief justice of the New Mexico Territorial Supreme Court from 1878 to 1882, and as the 14th Governor of New Mexico Territory from 1889 to ...

, wrote about a difference between the Tehua pueblos and the Tihua nation.

History

The Tiwa are first mentioned by

Coronado Coronado may refer to: People * Coronado (surname) Coronado is a Spanish surname derived from the village of Cornado, near A Coruña, Galicia. People with the name * Francisco Vásquez de Coronado (1510–1554), Spanish explorer often referred t ...

in 1540, and a pueblo (town) referred to by him as both Coofor and Tiguex was most likely the pueblo known since a Spanish map of 1602 as Santiago Pueblo (Bandelier's Puaray). Coronado fought the

Tiguex War Tigua, Tiguex, Tigüex, Tiwan, and Tiwesh may refer to: * Albuquerque metropolitan area The Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area, sometimes referred to as Tiguex (named after the Southern Tiwa), is a metropolitan area in central New Mexico ...

against 12 of the southern Tiwa pueblos around what is now

, which together with the diseases and consolidation of missions by the Catholic priests the Spanish brought, resulted in the abandonment of many of the villages. In February 1583, the merchant Antonio de Espejo came up the

Rio Grande The Rio Grande ( or ) in the United States or the Río Bravo (del Norte) in Mexico (), also known as Tó Ba'áadi in Navajo language, Navajo, is one of the principal rivers (along with the Colorado River) in the Southwestern United States a ...

to Tiguex (Kuaua), and Puaray (Espejo's own statement). The everyday life of Tiwas Indians of

Isleta Pueblo Pueblo of Isleta ( , ; ) is an unincorporated community and Tanoan pueblo in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, United States, originally established in the . The Southern Tiwa name of the pueblo is (Shee-eh-whíb-bak) meaning "a knife lai ...

during the end of the 19th century is described in the book "The Padre of Isleta". A band of peaceful Tiwa, called Tigua, are massacred in

Cormac McCarthy Cormac McCarthy (born Charles Joseph McCarthy Jr.; July 20, 1933 – June 13, 2023) was an American author who wrote twelve novels, two plays, five screenplays, and three short stories, spanning the Western, post-apocalyptic, and Southern Got ...

Blood Meridian ''Blood Meridian Or The Evening Redness in the West'' is a 1985 epic historical novel by American author Cormac McCarthy, classified under the Western, or sometimes the anti-Western, genre. McCarthy's fifth book, it was published by Random Hou ...

, referring to a period around 1849-50.

(1985) Picador 2022 p.183.

References

* Cannon, Cornelia James (1931) ''Lazaro in the pueblos: the story of Antonio de Espejo's expedition into New Mexico''

Houghton Mifflin The asterisk ( ), from Late Latin , from Ancient Greek , , "little star", is a typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a heraldic star. Computer scientists and mathematicians often vocalize it as ...

Co., Boston
OCLC 1965297
* * Samuel Gance, ''Anton ou la trajectoire d'un père'', another story of Isleta's Padre Anton Docher. L'Harmattan, Paris, 2013, 208 p.

External links

* ttps://web.archive.org/web/20140122141011/http://news.msn.com/in-depth/disenrollment-leaves-natives-culturally-homeless* https://web.archive.org/web/20140122141011/http://news.msn.com/in-depth/disenrollment-leaves-natives-culturally-homeless {{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwa People Pueblo peoples Southwest tribes Native American tribes in New Mexico

Name

History

See also

References

External links