Grunters or tigerperches are

ray-finned fish Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a class of bony fish. They comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. The ray-finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or h ...

es in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Terapontidae (also spelled Teraponidae, Theraponidae or Therapontidae). This family is part of the

superfamily SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains, especially into SCOP superfamilies. Domains are functional, str ...

Percoidea Percoidea is a superfamily of fish of the order Perciformes. The superfamily includes about 3,374 species. Classification The Percoidesa are classified in the 5th Edition of the ''Fishes of the World'' as follows: * Percoidea ...

of the

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of ...

Perciformes Perciformes (), also called the Percomorpha or Acanthopteri, is an order or superorder of ray-finned fish. If considered a single order, they are the most numerous order of vertebrates, containing about 41% of all bony fish. Perciformes means ...

Characteristics

The Terapontidae is a large family of small to medium-sized perciform fishes which occur in marine, brackish and fresh waters in the

Indo-Pacific The Indo-Pacific is a vast biogeographic region of Earth. In a narrow sense, sometimes known as the Indo-West Pacific or Indo-Pacific Asia, it comprises the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean, the western and central Pacific Ocean, and the ...

region. They are characterised by a single long-based dorsal fin which has a notch marking the boundary between the spiny and soft-rayed portions. They have small to moderate-sized scales, a continuous lateral line reaching the caudal fin, and most species lack teeth on the roof of the mouth. The marine species are found in inshore sea and brackish waters, some species are able to enter extremely saline and fresh waters. In Australia and

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torr ...

there are a number of species restricted to fresh water.

Classification

The following genera are classified within the family Terpontidae: * ''

Amniataba ''Amniataba'' is a genus of fish in the family Terapontidae, that includes three species, with two being found in Oceania, and one in the Western Central Pacific. Species * ''Amniataba affinis'' ( Mees & Kailola, 1977) (tiger grunter) * ''A ...

Whitley Whitley may refer to: Places ;United Kingdom *Whitley, Berkshire, a suburb of Reading *Whitley, Cheshire, a village near Warrington *Whitley, Coventry, a suburb of Coventry, West Midlands *Whitley, Essex, near Birdbrook * Whitley, Wigan, Greater M ...

, 1943 * ''

Hannia Greenway's grunter (''Hannia greenwayi'') is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a grunter from the family Terapontidae. It is endemic to the northern part of Western Australia. Description Greenway's grunter is a small, slender golden to ...

Vari Vari ( el, Βάρη) is a southern suburb of Athens and former municipality in East Attica, Greece along the Athens coast. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Vari-Voula-Vouliagmeni, of which it is a municipal u ...

, 1978 * '' Helotes''

Cuvier Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric, Baron Cuvier (; 23 August 1769 – 13 May 1832), known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "founding father of paleontology". Cuvier was a major figure in nat ...

, 1829 * ''

Hephaestus Hephaestus (; eight spellings; grc-gre, Ἥφαιστος, Hḗphaistos) is the Greek god of blacksmiths, metalworking, carpenters, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metallurgy, fire (compare, however, with Hestia), and volcanoes.Walter ...

De Vis Charles Walter de Vis (Birmingham, England, 9 May 1829 – Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 30 April 1915),

, 1884 * ''

Lagusia ''Lagusia micracanthus'' is a species of fish from the grunter family, Terapontidae, and the only member of the genus ''Lagusia''. It is endemic to rivers, both large and small, in South Sulawesi, Indonesia.Vari, P.R.; and Hadiaty, K.R. (2012). ' ...

'' Vari 1978 * ''

Leiopotherapon ''Leiopotherapon'' is a genus of fish in the family Terapontidae, the grunters. Three species are endemic to Australia, while ''L. plumbeus'' is from the Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic o ...

'' Fowler, 1931 * ''

Mesopristes ''Mesopristes'' is a genus of fish in the family Terapontidae, the grunters. They are found in fresh, brackish and marine waters near the coast in the Indo-Pacific region. Species include:Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Eds''Mesopristes''.FishBase. 20 ...

Bleeker Bleeker is a Dutch occupational surname. Bleeker is an old spelling of ''(linnen)bleker'' ("linen bleacher").Pelates ''Pelates'', is a genus of fish in the family Terapontidae, containing 3 species in it. Species * '' Pelates octolineatus'' ( Jenyns, 1840) (western striped trumpeter) * '' Pelates qinglanensis'' (Sun, 1991) * '' Pelates quadrilineatus'' (Bloc ...

'' Cuvier, 1829 * ''

Pelsartia The sea trumpeter (''Pelsartia humeralis'') is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grunter from the family Terapontidae. It is endemic to the southeastern Indian Ocean off the southwestern coats of Australia. Description The sea trumpeter has ...

'' Whitley, 1943 * ''

Pingalla ''Pingalla'' is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Terapontidae. These fish are native to northern Australia, but one species is also known from New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is ...

'' Whitley, 1955 * ''

Rhynchopelates The sharpbeak terapon (''Rhynchopelates oxyrhynchus'') is a species of ray-finned fish, a grunter from the family Terapontidae. It is found in the coastal waters of Asia from southern Japan to the Philippines. Description The sharpbeak terapo ...

'' Fowler, 1931 * ''

Scortum ''Scortum'' is a genus of Australian fresh and brackish water fishes in the family Terapontidae, the grunters. Species include:Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Eds''Scortum''.FishBase. 2013. *'' Scortum barcoo'' ( McCulloch & Waite, 1917) (Barcoo gru ...

'' Whitley, 1943 * ''

Syncomistes ''Syncomistes'' is a genus of Australian freshwater ray-finned fish in the family Terapontidae, the grunters. Species Species include: * '' Syncomistes bonapartensis'' Shelley, Delaval Delaval is the surname of a family of gentry/aristocr ...

'' Vari, 1978 * '' Terapon'' Cuvier, 1816 * ''

Variichthys ''Variichthys'' is a genus of freshwater fishes in the family Terapontidae from New Guinea and northern Australia. It was formerly known as ''Varia'', but this name is preoccupied The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the con ...

Allen Allen, Allen's or Allens may refer to: Buildings * Allen Arena, an indoor arena at Lipscomb University in Nashville, Tennessee * Allen Center, a skyscraper complex in downtown Houston, Texas * Allen Fieldhouse, an indoor sports arena on the Unive ...

, 1993

Timeline

ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px Period = from:-65.5 till:10 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:-65.5 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-65.5 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify Colors = #legends id:CAR value:claret id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196) id:HER value:teal id:HAD value:green id:OMN value:blue id:black value:black id:white value:white id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258) id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0) id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68) id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5) id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68) id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88) BarData= bar:eratop bar:space bar:periodtop bar:space bar:NAM1 bar:space bar:period bar:space bar:era PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(7,-4) bar:periodtop from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:

Paleocene The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek ''pal ...

from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:

Oligocene The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but ...

from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...

from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Plio. from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:

Pleist. The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...

from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text: H. bar:eratop from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:

Paleogene The Paleogene ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of ...

from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:

Neogene The Neogene ( ), informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary, is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period Mya. ...

from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q. PlotData= align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left color:eocene bar:NAM1 from: -48.6 till: 0 text:

Pelates ''Pelates'', is a genus of fish in the family Terapontidae, containing 3 species in it. Species * '' Pelates octolineatus'' ( Jenyns, 1840) (western striped trumpeter) * '' Pelates qinglanensis'' (Sun, 1991) * '' Pelates quadrilineatus'' (Bloc ...

PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 bar:period from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:

from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:

from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:

from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:

from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Plio. from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:

from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text: H. bar:era from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:

from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:

from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1433153 Perciformes families