Tiburnia

Teurnia (later Tiburnia) was a Roman city ('' municipium''). Today its ruins lie in western Carinthia. In late antiquity it was also a bishop's see, and towards the end of Roman times it was mentioned as the capital of the province of Noricum mediterraneum.

History

Ancient Teurnia was situated on a wooded hill at the village of ''St. Peter-in-Holz '' in the municipality of Lendorf in the Lurnfeld valley, four kilometres to the west of Spittal an der Drau in Upper (i.e. western) Carinthia, Austria. As early as 1100 BC, people had lived there on Holzerberg hill, which may well have also been the centre of the Celtic Taurisci nation before c. 50 AD the Roman town was built with a forum, a market basilica, a temple on the city's Capitol, Thermae or public baths, terraced housing on two terraces, and a temple dedicated to Grannus, the Celtic counterpart deity of Aesculap, god of medicine and healing, but in Teurnia invoked as ''Grannus Apollo''. Usually older hill-top settlements were moved by the Romans to lower-lying areas with the one exception of the oppidum at Teurnia in the tribal region of the Ambidravi, where old names are said to have been retained and no renaming took place.Barley, Maurice Willmore,''European towns: their archaeology and early history''. Published for the Council for British Archaeology. New York: Academic Press, 1977, p. 265
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Teurnia was one of the largest places in all Noricum with, in its peak period, a population of 30,000. Towards the end of the Empire the population decreased; people left the housing terraces, and the slopes being no longer suitable for agriculture were used as cemeteries. At the same time walls went up surrounding the hilltop with material from the deserted houses.

Ecclesiastical history

By the 4th century, Teurnia was already a Christian town and it was a bishop's see until the city's decline and its end in 610.

Excavations

Holzerberg hill was a well-known place of antique finds as early as the Middle Ages. Many spolias of buildings in the area come from here. Interest in the Roman finds increased duríng and after the Renaissance, but it took a long time until the ruins were identified as the city of Teurnia or Tiburnia known from antique sources. Professional excavations began with the accidental discovery of the ''cemetery church'' in 1908. The mosaic of its donor, the praeses or governor Ursus, in the right side-chapel of the three-naved basilica is in near-perfect preservation. In twelve pictures the mosaic shows christological, mythological and biblical symbols as well as the names of one Ursus, the donor, and his spouse, Ursina.

In 1984, the Early-Christian bishop's church was discovered, which has now been roofed over and is open to visitors. The church walls have been preserved up to a height of six feet and show mural paintings. Excavations were also made along the southern side of the church, where a marble tablet and parts of a cross were unearthed. Earlier guesses had been that the bishop's church was beneath today's parish church, but from historic comparisons Franz Glaser, who is in charge of the Teurnia excavations, deducted the actual position along the western city walls. The episcopal church was built at the beginning of the 5th century and a century later, after a destructive fire, was rebuilt in basilica style with three naves and three apses. In analogy to the Hemmaberg situation in Lower (i.e. eastern) Carinthia, here too the bishop's church might have served the Catholic community, whereas Arians used the cemetery church for their services.

In the village centre of St. Peter-in-Holz there is a recent "Römer-Museum" exhibiting numerous artefacts from the city area of Teurnia. Nearby are the preserved remains of a Roman town villa or ''villa urbana'' boasting a simple hypocaust in form of the letter Y. Next to the bishop's church the Hospitium, the bishop's guest house, was found, but for protection purposes it has been covered with soil again. More excavation work is going on. Information on the city's history and the excavation work is provided in display cases all over the area.

Image:Teurnia Mosaik 01.jpg, Mosaic in Teurnia.
Image:Teurnia Mosaik 02.jpg, Mosaic in Teurnia.
Image:Teurnia Mosaik 03.jpg, Mosaic in Teurnia.
Image:Teurnia Mosaik 04.jpg, Mosaic in Teurnia.
Image:Teurnia Mosaik 05.jpg, Mosaic in Teurnia.
Image:Teurnia Mosaik 06.jpg, Mosaic in Teurnia.
Image:Teurnia Mosaik 07.jpg, Mosaic in Teurnia.
Image:Teurnia Mosaik 08.jpg, Mosaic in Teurnia.
Image:Teurnia Mosaik 09.jpg, Mosaic in Teurnia.
Image:Teurnia Mosaik 10.jpg, Mosaic in Teurnia.
Image:Teurnia Mosaik 11.jpg, Mosaic in Teurnia.
Image:Teurnia Mosaik 12.jpg, Mosaic in Teurnia.

Literature

Barley, Maurice Willmore,''European towns: their archaeology and early history''.
Published for the Council for British Archaeology. New York: Academic Press, 1977
* Glaser, Franz, ''Teurnia: Römerstadt und Bischofssitz'' Klagenfurt: Verlag des Geschichtsvereins 1992 (German)
* Glaser, Franz, ''Frühchristliche Denkmäler in Kärnten'', Klagenfurt: Verlag des Geschichtsvereins 1996 (German)
* Glaser, Franz, ''Römermuseum Teurnia - Texte und Zeichnungen'', Klagenfurt: Verlag des Geschichtsvereins 2002 (German)
* Gugl, Christian, ''Archäologische Forschungen in Teurnia: die Ausgrabungen in den Wohnterrassen 1971-1978 : die latènezeitlichen Funde vom Holzer Berg, Vienna: Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut, 2000(German)
* Gugl, Christian, ''Das Umland Teurnias vom 2. Jahrhundert v. Chr. bis ins 1. Jahrhundert n.Chr. Eine Studie zur Siedlungskontinuität von der Latène- zur Römerzeit im oberen Drautal.''In: Arheološki Vestnik (ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA) 52 (2001) Ljubljana: Slovenska akademija 2001, pp. 303–349
Michael Doneus,''Precision mapping and interpretation of oblique aerial photographs'' (= Archaeological Prospection Vol.8, Issue 1)
Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2001 pp. 13 – 27,
* Kos, Marjeta Šašel, ''Pre-Roman divinities of the eastern Alps and Adriatic'', Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije, 1999,

Footnotes

External links

German)


by GCatholic.org





Dr. Víctor Manuel Fernández, Titular Archbishop of Tiburnia
(Spanish). Retrieved 14 May 2013

{{Coord, 46, 49, 23.91, N, 13, 26, 37.49, E , type:landmark_region:AT-2 , display=title

Roman towns and cities in Austria
Geography of Carinthia (state)
Former populated places in Austria
1st-millennium establishments in Europe
Archaeological sites in Austria
Buildings and structures in Carinthia (state)
Tourist attractions in Carinthia (state)