The Tugela River (; ) is the largest river in
KwaZulu-Natal Province
KwaZulu-Natal (, also referred to as KZN) is a Provinces of South Africa, province of South Africa that was created in 1994 when the government merged the Zulu people, Zulu bantustan of KwaZulu ("Place of the Zulu" in Zulu language, Zulu) and ...
, South Africa. With a total length of , and a drop of 1370 metres in the lower 480 km, it is one of the most important rivers of the country.
The river originates in
Mont-aux-Sources of the
Drakensberg
The Drakensberg (Zulu language, Zulu: uKhahlamba, Sotho language, Sotho: Maloti, Afrikaans: Drakensberge) is the eastern portion of the Great Escarpment, Southern Africa, Great Escarpment, which encloses the central South Africa#Geography, Sout ...
Mountains at an elevation of 3282 metres
[ This has a very detailed description of the river's course.] and plunges in five distinct free-leaping falls 947 metres down the
Tugela Falls. The Mont-aux-Sources is also the origin of tributaries of two other major South African rivers, the
Orange and the
Caledon River
The Caledon River () is a major river located in central South Africa. Its total length is , rising in the Drakensberg Mountains on the Lesotho border, flowing southwestward and then westward before joining the Orange River near Bethulie in the ...
. From the Drakensberg range, the Tugela follows a route through the KwaZulu-Natal midlands before flowing into the
Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approximately 20% of the water area of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia (continent), ...
.
The total catchment area is approximately .
Land uses in the catchment are mainly rural subsistence farming and commercial forestry.
Tributaries

The Tugela is fed by a number of tributaries coming off the
Drakensberg
The Drakensberg (Zulu language, Zulu: uKhahlamba, Sotho language, Sotho: Maloti, Afrikaans: Drakensberge) is the eastern portion of the Great Escarpment, Southern Africa, Great Escarpment, which encloses the central South Africa#Geography, Sout ...
, the largest being the
Mzinyathi ("Buffalo") River (rising near Majuba Hill). Others are the
Little Tugela River,
Klip River (rising near
Van Reenen Pass),
Mooi River,
Blood River,
Sundays River (rising in the Biggarsberg)
Ingagani River and
Bushman River.
The Buffalo River joins the Tugela some east of
Tugela Ferry at
.
The
Blood River was named by the
Boers
Boers ( ; ; ) are the descendants of the proto Afrikaans-speaking Free Burghers of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. From 1652 to 1795, the Dutch East India Company controlled the Dutch ...
, led by
Andries Pretorius
Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius (27 November 179823 July 1853) was a leader of the Boers who was instrumental in the creation of the South African Republic, as well as the earlier but short-lived Natalia Republic, in present-day South Africa ...
, after they defeated the
Zulu king Dingane
Dingane ka Senzangakhona Zulu (–29 January 1840), commonly referred to as Dingane, Dingarn or Dingaan, was a Zulu prince who became king of the Zulu Kingdom in 1828, after assassinating his half-brother Shaka Zulu. He set up his royal capita ...
on 16 December 1838. The river is said to have run red with the blood of Zulu warriors. Below the Blood River is
Rorke's Drift, a crossing point and a battle site, in the
Anglo-Zulu War
The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in present-day South Africa from January to early July 1879 between forces of the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom. Two famous battles of the war were the Zulu victory at Battle of Isandlwana, Isandlwana and th ...
.
Ecology
The
scaly yellowfish
The scaly yellowfish, or KwaZulu-Natal yellowfish, (''Labeobarbus natalensis'') is a species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae.
This fish is found in the Tugela River System in South Africa, as well as in the Umzimkulu, Umfolozi and ...
''(Labeobarbus natalensis)'' is found in the Tugela River System. It is a common
endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...
fish in KwaZulu-Natal Province and it is found in different habitats between the
Drakensberg
The Drakensberg (Zulu language, Zulu: uKhahlamba, Sotho language, Sotho: Maloti, Afrikaans: Drakensberge) is the eastern portion of the Great Escarpment, Southern Africa, Great Escarpment, which encloses the central South Africa#Geography, Sout ...
foothills and the coastal lowlands, including rivers such as the
Umkomazi.
Spelling
The spelling ''Tugela'' was used for most of the twentieth century; it is an Anglicised version of the Zulu name ''Thukela''. Nineteenth-century writers adopted a variety of spellings including:
*
Isaacs (1836) used a number of different spellings in his book, ''Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa,'' including ''Ootergale'' and ''Ootoogale''.
*
C.R. Maclean (John Ross), writing in the ''Nautical Magazine'' in 1853, used the spelling ''Zootagoola''
*
George French Angas
George French Angas (25 April 1822 – 4 October 1886), also known as G.F.A., was an English explorer, naturalist, painter and poet who emigrated to Australia. His paintings are held in a number of important Australian public art collections. ...
, a nineteenth-century artist, used the name ''Tugala'' on the captions to his sketches.
"Making outchoualla or native beer, at Gudu's kraal, Tugala River, Zulu country"
a sketch by G F Angas; National Library of Australia.
Some of the variations can be accounted for by the early European writers being unaware that Zulu grammar uses prefixes, often a "''i-''" or a "''u-''", to denote the noun class of a noun.
See also
* List of rivers in South Africa
;Dams on the Tugela
* Driel Barrage Dam
*Spioenkop Dam
Spioenkop Dam impounds the Tugela River in KwaZulu-Natal. It is located within a nature reserve by the same name. The dam was commissioned in 1972, has a capacity of , and a surface area of , the dam wall is high. Spion Kop (hill) is located 2. ...
* Woodstock Dam
Notes
External links
{{Authority control
Tugela River
The Tugela River (; ) is the largest river in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. With a total length of , and a drop of 1370 metres in the lower 480 km, it is one of the most important rivers of the country.
The river originates in M ...
Rivers of KwaZulu-Natal