Threadfins are silvery grey

perciform Perciformes (), also called the Percomorpha or Acanthopteri, is an order or superorder of ray-finned fish. If considered a single order, they are the most numerous order of vertebrates, containing about 41% of all bony fish. Perciformes means " ...

fish Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% ...

of the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Polynemidae. Found in tropical to subtropical waters throughout the world, the threadfin family contains eight

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial ...

and about 40

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

. An unrelated species sometimes known by the name threadfin, ''Alectis indicus'', is properly the Indian threadfish (family

Carangidae The Carangidae are a family of ray-finned fish which includes the jacks, pompanos, jack mackerels, runners, and scads. It is the largest of the six families included within the order Carangiformes. Some authorities classify it as the only family ...

). Ranging in length from in the

dwarf threadfin The dwarf paradise fish (''Parapolynemus verekeri''), also known as the streamer threadfin or streamered tasselfish, is a species of ray-finned fish from a family Polynemidae, the threadfins. It is the only species in the genus ''Parapolynemus'' ...

(''Parapolynemus verekeri'') to in

fourfinger threadfin ''Eleutheronema tetradactylum'', the fourfinger threadfin, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a threadfin from the family Polynemidae which occurs in the Indian and western Pacific Ocean. Description ''Eleutheronema tetradactylum'' has two ...

(''Eleutheronema tetradactylum'') and

giant African threadfin The giant African threadfin (''Polydactylus quadrifilis'') is a species of ray-finned fish from the threadfin family Polynemidae. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean off the west coast of Africa. Description The giant African threadfin is ...

(''Polydactylus quadrifilis''), threadfins are both important to commercial fisheries as a food fish, and popular among anglers. Their habit of forming large schools makes the threadfins a reliable and economic catch.

Description

Their bodies are

elongated Elongation may refer to: * Elongation (astronomy) * Elongation (geometry) * Elongation (plasma physics) * Part of transcription of DNA into RNA of all types, including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, etc. * Part of translation (biology) of mRNA into proteins ...

and

fusiform Fusiform means having a spindle-like shape that is wide in the middle and tapers at both ends. It is similar to the lemon-shape, but often implies a focal broadening of a structure that continues from one or both ends, such as an aneurysm on a ...

, with spinous and soft

dorsal fin A dorsal fin is a fin located on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates within various taxa of the animal kingdom. Many species of animals possessing dorsal fins are not particularly closely related to each other, though through c ...

s widely separated. Their tail fins are large and deeply forked, indicating speed and agility. The mouth is large and

inferior Inferior may refer to: * Inferiority complex * An Anatomical terms of location#Superior and inferior, anatomical term of location * Inferior angle of the scapula, in the human skeleton *Inferior (book), ''Inferior'' (book), by Angela Saini * ''The ...

; a blunt snout projects far ahead. The jaws and palate possess bands of villiform (fibrous) teeth. Their most distinguishing feature is their

pectoral fins Fins are distinctive anatomical features composed of bony spines or rays protruding from the body of a fish. They are covered with skin and joined together either in a webbed fashion, as seen in most bony fish, or similar to a flipper, as s ...

: they are composed of two distinct sections, the lower of which consists of three to seven long, thread-like independent rays. ''Polynemus'' species may have up to 15 of these modified rays. In some species, such as the royal threadfin (''

Pentanemus quinquarius The royal threadfin (''Pentanemus quinquarius'') is a species of ray-finned fish, a threadfin from the family Polynemidae, the threadfins. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean along the western coast of Africa. Description The royal threa ...

''), the thread-like rays may extend well past the tail fin. This feature explains both the common name threadfin and the family name Polynemidae, from the

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

''poly'' meaning "many" and ''nema'' meaning "filament." Similar species, such as the mullets (family

Mugilidae The mullets or grey mullets are a family (Mugilidae) of ray-finned fish found worldwide in coastal temperate and tropical waters, and some species in fresh water. Mullets have served as an important source of food in Mediterranean Europe since ...

) and

milkfish The milkfish (''Chanos chanos'') is the sole living species in the family Chanidae. However, there are at least five extinct genera from the Cretaceous. The repeating scientific name ( tautonym) is from Greek ( ‘mouth’). The species has ma ...

(family

Chanidae Chanidae is a family of fishes which has a number of fossil genera and one monotypic extant genus which contains the milkfish (''Chanos chanos''). Taxonomy The family Chanidae is subdivided into two subfamilies, the Rubiesichthyinae, which com ...

), can be easily distinguished from threadfins by their lack of filamentous pectoral rays.

Distribution and habitat

Threadfins frequent open, shallow water in areas with muddy, sandy, or silty bottoms; they are rarely seen at

reef A reef is a ridge or shoal of rock, coral or similar relatively stable material, lying beneath the surface of a natural body of water. Many reefs result from natural, abiotic component, abiotic processes—deposition (geology), deposition of ...

s. Their pectoral rays are thought to serve as tactile structures, helping to find prey within the

sediment Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice or by the force of gravity acting on the particles. For example, sa ...

s. Noted for being

euryhaline Euryhaline organisms are able to adapt to a wide range of salinities. An example of a euryhaline fish is the molly (''Poecilia sphenops'') which can live in fresh water, brackish water, or salt water. The green crab (''Carcinus maenas'') is an ...

, threadfins can tolerate a wide range of

salinity Salinity () is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water (see also soil salinity). It is usually measured in g/L or g/kg (grams of salt per liter/kilogram of water; the latter is dimensionless and equal ...

levels. This attribute allows threadfins to enter

estuaries An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environme ...

and even

river A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the ...

s. They feed primarily on

crustacea Crustaceans (Crustacea, ) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such animals as decapods, seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copepods, amphipods and mantis shrimp. The crustacean gro ...

ns and smaller fish.

Reproduction

Presumed to be

pelagic The pelagic zone consists of the water column of the open ocean, and can be further divided into regions by depth (as illustrated on the right). The word ''pelagic'' is derived . The pelagic zone can be thought of as an imaginary cylinder or w ...

spawners, threadfins probably release many tiny, buoyant eggs into the water column, which then become part of the

plankton Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms found in water (or air) that are unable to propel themselves against a current (or wind). The individual organisms constituting plankton are called plankters. In the ocean, they provide a cr ...

. The eggs float freely with the currents until hatching.

Cuisine

Threadfin has been used to create

crab stick Crab sticks, krab sticks, imitation crab (meat), or seafood sticks (originally known as ''kanikama'' in Japan) are a type of seafood made of starch and finely pulverized white fish ('' surimi'') that has been shaped and cured to resemble the le ...

Mariculture

Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only ...

, sixfinger threadfins are the subject of commercial open-ocean cage

mariculture Mariculture or marine farming is a specialized branch of aquaculture (which includes freshwater aquaculture) involving the cultivation of marine organisms for food and other animal products, in enclosed sections of the open ocean ( offshore mar ...

Genera and species

Elegant paradiseus fish Polynemus multifilis

The species in eight genera are: * Genus '' Eleutheronema'' ** ''

Eleutheronema rhadinum ''Eleutheronema'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fish from the family Polynemidae, the threadfins. These fishes occur in the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. Species The following species are classified within the genus ''Eleuther ...

'' (

Jordan Jordan ( ar, الأردن; tr. ' ), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,; tr. ' is a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan Ri ...

& Evermann, 1902) (East Asian fourfinger threadfin) ** ''

Eleutheronema tetradactylum ''Eleutheronema tetradactylum'', the fourfinger threadfin, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a threadfin from the family Polynemidae which occurs in the Indian and western Pacific Ocean. Description ''Eleutheronema tetradactylum'' has two ...

'' (Shaw, 1804) (Fourfinger threadfin) ** '' Eleutheronema tridactylum'' ( Bleeker, 1849) (Threefinger threadfin) * Genus ''

Filimanus ''Filimanus'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes, threadfins from the family Polynemidae. Features The fishes of the genus ''Filimanus'' have a body which is oblong to moderately deep and compressed. They have a well developed adipose ey ...

'' ** '' Filimanus heptadactyla'' ( Cuvier, 1829) (Sevenfinger threadfin) ** ''

Filimanus hexanema ''Filimanus'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes, threadfins from the family Polynemidae. Features The fishes of the genus ''Filimanus'' have a body which is oblong to moderately deep and compressed. They have a well developed adipose eyelid ...

'' (Cuvier 1829) (Javanese threadfin) ** ''

Filimanus perplexa ''Filimanus'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes, threadfins from the family Polynemidae. Features The fishes of the genus ''Filimanus'' have a body which is oblong to moderately deep and compressed. They have a well developed adipose ey ...

'' Feltes 1991 (Splendid threadfin) ** ''

Filimanus sealei ''Filimanus'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes, threadfins from the family Polynemidae. Features The fishes of the genus ''Filimanus'' have a body which is oblong to moderately deep and compressed. They have a well developed adipose ey ...

'' (

Richardson Richardson may refer to: People * Richardson (surname), an English and Scottish surname * Richardson Gang, a London crime gang in the 1960s * Richardson Dilworth, Mayor of Philadelphia (1956-1962) Places Australia *Richardson, Australian Capi ...

, 1910) (Eightfinger threadfin) ** '' Filimanus similis'' Feltes 1991 (Indian sevenfinger threadfin) ** ''

Filimanus xanthonema ''Filimanus'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes, threadfins from the family Polynemidae. Features The fishes of the genus ''Filimanus'' have a body which is oblong to moderately deep and compressed. They have a well developed adipose eyelid ...

'' (

Valenciennes Valenciennes (, also , , ; nl, label=also Dutch, Valencijn; pcd, Valincyinnes or ; la, Valentianae) is a commune in the Nord department, Hauts-de-France, France. It lies on the Scheldt () river. Although the city and region experienced a ...

, 1831) (Yellowthread threadfin) * Genus '' Galeoides'' ** '' Galeoides decadactylus'' (

Bloch Bloch is a surname of German origin. Notable people with this surname include: A–F * (1859-1914), French rabbi * Adele Bloch-Bauer (1881-1925), Austrian entrepreneur * Albert Bloch (1882–1961), American painter * (born 1972), German motor jour ...

, 1795) ( Lesser African threadfin) * Genus ''

Leptomelanosoma The Indian threadfin (''Leptomelanosoma indicum'') is a species of marine ray-finned fish from the family Polynemidae, the threadfins. It is a coastal species from south-east Asia which has been recorded in Papua New Guinea. Description The Indi ...

'' ** '' Leptomelanosoma indicum'' (Shaw, 1804) (

Indian threadfin The Indian threadfin (''Leptomelanosoma indicum'') is a species of marine ray-finned fish from the family Polynemidae, the threadfins. It is a coastal species from south-east Asia which has been recorded in Papua New Guinea. Description The I ...

) * Genus '' Parapolynemus'' ** '' Parapolynemus verekeri'' ( Saville-Kent, 1889) (

Dwarf paradise fish The dwarf paradise fish (''Parapolynemus verekeri''), also known as the streamer threadfin or streamered tasselfish, is a species of ray-finned fish from a family Polynemidae, the threadfins. It is the only species in the genus ''Parapolynemus ...

) * Genus '' Pentanemus'' ** ''

'' (

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, t ...

1758 Events January–March * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoological ...

) ( Royal threadfin) * Genus '' Polydactylus'' (likely not monophyletic) ** '' Polydactylus approximans'' (

Lay Lay may refer to: Places *Lay Range, a subrange of mountains in British Columbia, Canada * Lay, Loire, a French commune * Lay (river), France *Lay, Iran, a village * Lay, Kansas, United States, an unincorporated community People * Lay (surname ...

& Bennett, 1839) (Blue bobo) ** '' Polydactylus bifurcus'' Motomura, Kimura & Iwatsuki, 2001 (Slender fivefinger threadfin) ** '' Polydactylus longipes'' Motomura, Okamoto & Iwatsuki, 2001 (Long-limb threadfin) ** ''

Polydactylus luparensis ''Polydactylus'' is a genus of threadfin that mainly are native to the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, especially in coastal or brackish waters (such as mangrove or estuaries). Some may even enter rivers and a single, ''P. macrophthalmus'', ...

'' Lim, Motomura &

Gambang A gambang, properly called a gambang kayu ('wooden gambang') is a xylophone-like instrument used among people of Indonesia in gamelan and kulintang, with wooden bars as opposed to the metallic ones of the more typical metallophones in a gamelan. ...

, 2010 (Sarawak giant threadfin) ** ''

Polydactylus macrochir The king threadfin (''Polydactylus macrochir''), also known as the blind salmon, blink tassel-fish, burnett salmon, gold threadfin, king salmon, kingfish, Sheridan threadfin, triped tassel fish, or threadfin salmon, is a species of marine ray-fin ...

'' ( Günther, 1867) ( King threadfin) ** ''

Polydactylus macrophthalmus ''Polydactylus'' is a genus of threadfin that mainly are native to the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, especially in coastal or brackish waters (such as mangrove or estuaries). Some may even enter rivers and a single, ''P. macrophthalmus'', ...

'' ( Bleeker, 1858) (River threadfin) ** ''

Polydactylus malagasyensis ''Polydactylus'' is a genus of threadfin that mainly are native to the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, especially in coastal or brackish waters (such as mangrove or estuaries). Some may even enter rivers and a single, ''P. macrophthalmus'', ...

'' Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001 (African blackspot threadfin) ** ''

Polydactylus microstomus ''Polydactylus'' is a genus of threadfin that mainly are native to the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, especially in coastal or brackish waters (such as mangrove or estuaries). Some may even enter rivers and a single, ''P. macrophthalmus'', ...

'' ( Bleeker, 1851) (Smallmouth threadfin) ** ''

Polydactylus mullani ''Polydactylus'' is a genus of threadfin that mainly are native to the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, especially in coastal or brackish waters (such as mangrove or estuaries). Some may even enter rivers and a single, ''P. macrophthalmus'', ...

'' (Hora, 1926) (Arabian blackspot threadfin) ** ''

Polydactylus multiradiatus ''Polydactylus'' is a genus of threadfin that mainly are native to the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, especially in coastal or brackish waters (such as mangrove or estuaries). Some may even enter rivers and a single, ''P. macrophthalmus'', ...

'' ( Günther, 1860) (Australian threadfin) ** ''

Polydactylus nigripinnis ''Polydactylus'' is a genus of threadfin that mainly are native to the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, especially in coastal or brackish waters (such as mangrove or estuaries). Some may even enter rivers and a single, ''P. macrophthalmus'', ...

Munro A Munro () is defined as a mountain in Scotland with a height over , and which is on the Scottish Mountaineering Club (SMC) official list of Munros; there is no explicit topographical prominence requirement. The best known Munro is Ben Nevis ...

, 1964 (Blackfin threadfin) ** ''

Polydactylus octonemus The Atlantic threadfin (''Polydactylus octonemus'') is a species of ray-finned fish a threadfin from the family Polynemidae which is native to subtropical and temperate waters of the western Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Description Th ...

'' ( Girard, 1858) (Atlantic threadfin) ** '' Polydactylus oligodon'' ( Günther, 1860) (Littlescale threadfin) ** '' Polydactylus opercularis'' Seale &

Bean A bean is the seed of several plants in the family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food. They can be cooked in many different ways, including boiling, frying, and baking, and are used in many traditional dishes t ...

, 1907 (Yellow bobo) ** '' Polydactylus persicus'' Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001 (Persian blackspot threadfin) ** ''

Polydactylus plebeius ''Polydactylus plebeius'', the striped threadfin, also known as the common threadfin, Northern threadfin or puttynose, is a species of marine fish native to the Indo-Pacific. Description ''Polydactylus plebeius'' is a medium-sized threadfin whic ...

'' (

Broussonet Pierre Marie Auguste Broussonet (28 February 1761 – 17 January 1807) was a French naturalist who contributed primarily to botany. He was born in Montpellier, where he was educated, and travelled to Morocco, Spain, the Canary Islands, and Souther ...

, 1782) (Striped threadfin) ** '' Polydactylus quadrifilis'' ( Cuvier, 1829) (Giant African threadfin) ** '' Polydactylus sexfilis'' (

, 1831) (Sixfinger threadfin) ** ''

Polydactylus sextarius ''Polydactylus sextarius'', the blackspot threadfin, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a threadfin from the family Polynemidae which is native to the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans. Distribution ''Polydactylus sextarius'' is ...

'' (

Schneider Schneider may refer to: Hospital * Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel People *Schneider (surname) Companies and organizations * G. Schneider & Sohn, a Bavarian brewery company * Schneider Rundfunkwerke AG, the former owner of the D ...

, 1801) (Blackspot threadfin) ** '' Polydactylus siamensis'' Motomura, Iwatsuki & Yoshino, 2001 (Largemouth striped threadfin) ** ''

Polydactylus virginicus ''Polydactylus'' is a genus of threadfin that mainly are native to the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, especially in coastal or brackish waters (such as mangrove or estuaries). Some may even enter rivers and a single, ''P. macrophthalmus'', ...

'' (

) (Barbu) * Genus '' Polynemus'' ** '' Polynemus aquilonaris'' Motomura, 2003 ( Northern paradise fish) ** '' Polynemus bidentatus'' Motomura & Tsukawaki, 2006 ** '' Polynemus dubius'' Bleeker, 1854 (

Eastern paradise fish Eastern may refer to: Transportation *China Eastern Airlines, a current Chinese airline based in Shanghai *Eastern Air, former name of Zambia Skyways *Eastern Air Lines, a defunct American airline that operated from 1926 to 1991 *Eastern Air Li ...

) ** '' Polynemus hornadayi''

Myers Myers as a surname has several possible origins, e.g. Old French ("physician"), Old English ("mayor"), and Old Norse ("marsh"). People *Abram F. Myers (born 1889), chair of the Federal Trade Commission and later general counsel and board chai ...

, 1936 ( Hornaday's paradise fish) ** '' Polynemus kapuasensis'' Motomura & van Oijen, 2003 ( Kapuas elegant paradise fish) ** '' Polynemus melanochir''

, 1831 (

Blackhand paradise fish Black Hand or The Black Hand may refer to: Extortionists and underground groups * Black Hand (anarchism) (''La Mano Negra''), a presumed secret, anarchist organization based in the Andalusian region of Spain during the early 1880s * Black Hand ...

) ** ''

Polynemus multifilis ''Polynemus multifilis'', the elegant paradise fish is a species of ray-finned fish, a threadfin from the family Polynemidae which is found in rivers in southeast Asia. Description ''Polynemus multifilis'' is a medium-sized species of thread ...

'' Temminck & Schlegel, 1843 (

Elegant paradise fish ''Polynemus multifilis'', the elegant paradise fish is a species of ray-finned fish, a threadfin from the family Polynemidae which is found in rivers in southeast Asia. Description ''Polynemus multifilis'' is a medium-sized species of threadfin ...

) ** ''

Polynemus paradiseus The paradise threadfin (''Polynemus paradiseus'') is a species of catadromous ray-finned fish, a threadfin from the family Polynemidae which is found in south and southeast Asia in freshwater rivers where it is a valued food fish. Description ...

( Paradise threadfin)

Timeline of genera

ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px Period = from:-65.5 till:10 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:-65.5 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-65.5 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify Colors = #legends id:CAR value:claret id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196) id:HER value:teal id:HAD value:green id:OMN value:blue id:black value:black id:white value:white id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258) id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0) id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68) id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5) id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68) id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88) BarData= bar:eratop bar:space bar:periodtop bar:space bar:NAM1 bar:NAM2 bar:space bar:period bar:space bar:era PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(7,-4) bar:periodtop from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:

Paleocene The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek ''pal ...

from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:

Oligocene The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but ...

from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...

from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Plio. from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text: Pleist. from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text: H. bar:eratop from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:

Paleogene The Paleogene ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of ...

from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:

Neogene The Neogene ( ), informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary, is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period Mya. ...

from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q. PlotData= align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left color:miocene bar:NAM1 from: -23.03 till: 0 text: Pentanemus color:miocene bar:NAM2 from: -11.608 till: 0 text: Polydactylus PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 bar:period from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:

from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:

from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:

from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:

from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Plio. from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text: Pleist. from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text: H. bar:era from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:

from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:

from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.

References

* *

External links

Fisheries Western Australia - Threadfins Fact SheetThe Paradise threadfin, Polynemus paradiseus
{{Taxonbar, from=Q924957 Fish of Hawaii Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque id:Senangin