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Thomas David Morrison ( 1796March 19, 1856) was a doctor and political figure in
Upper Canada The Province of Upper Canada () was a Province, part of The Canadas, British Canada established in 1791 by the Kingdom of Great Britain, to govern the central third of the lands in British North America, formerly part of the Province of Queb ...
. He was born in
Quebec City Quebec City is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Quebec. As of July 2021, the city had a population of 549,459, and the Census Metropolitan Area (including surrounding communities) had a populati ...
around 1796 and worked as a clerk in the medical department of the
British Army The British Army is the principal Army, land warfare force of the United Kingdom. the British Army comprises 73,847 regular full-time personnel, 4,127 Brigade of Gurkhas, Gurkhas, 25,742 Army Reserve (United Kingdom), volunteer reserve perso ...
during the
War of 1812 The War of 1812 was fought by the United States and its allies against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom and its allies in North America. It began when the United States United States declaration of war on the Uni ...
. He studied medicine in the United States and returned to
York York is a cathedral city in North Yorkshire, England, with Roman Britain, Roman origins, sited at the confluence of the rivers River Ouse, Yorkshire, Ouse and River Foss, Foss. It has many historic buildings and other structures, such as a Yor ...
in 1824 to become a doctor in Upper Canada. He treated patients and served on the Toronto Board of Health during the 1832 and 1834
cholera Cholera () is an infection of the small intestine by some Strain (biology), strains of the Bacteria, bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae''. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea last ...
outbreaks and co-founded the York Dispensary. In 1834 he was elected to the 12th Parliament of Upper Canada, representing the third riding of York County as part of the
reform movement Reformism is a type of social movement that aims to bring a social system, social or also a political system closer to the community's ideal. A reform movement is distinguished from more Radicalism (politics), radical social movements such as re ...
. That same year he was elected as an
alderman An alderman is a member of a Municipal government, municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions founded upon English law with similar officials existing in the Netherlands (wethouder) and Belgium (schepen). The term may be titular, denotin ...
to the Toronto City Council and reelected the subsequent two years. In 1836, he served a term as
mayor of Toronto The mayor of Toronto is the head of Toronto City Council and chief executive officer of the Municipal government of Toronto, municipal government. The mayor is elected alongside city council every four years on the fourth Monday of October; t ...
. Morrison had been an early supporter of the reform movement in Upper Canada and participated in meetings to encourage political change. He spoke repeatedly against armed rebellion and encouraged
William Lyon Mackenzie William Lyon Mackenzie (March12, 1795 August28, 1861) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American journalist and politician. He founded newspapers critical of the Family Compact, a term used to identify the establishment of Upper Canada. He represe ...
to continue soliciting support for his reforms. He did not participate in the
Upper Canada Rebellion The Upper Canada Rebellion was an insurrection against the Oligarchy, oligarchic government of the British colony of Upper Canada (present-day Ontario) in December 1837. While public grievances had existed for years, it was the Lower Canada Rebe ...
and remained in his home instead. Nevertheless, he was arrested and charged with treason for planning and executing the rebellion and found not guilty at a subsequent trial. Fearing additional charges, Morrison fled to the United States and resumed practicing medicine. When
amnesty Amnesty () is defined as "A pardon extended by the government to a group or class of people, usually for a political offense; the act of a sovereign power officially forgiving certain classes of people who are subject to trial but have not yet be ...
was granted to most participants of the rebellion in 1843, he returned to Toronto to continue his medical practice and serve on various boards of medicine. He died on March 19, 1856, of
palsy Palsy is a medical term which refers to various types of paralysisDan Agin, ''More Than Genes: What Science Can Tell Us About Toxic Chemicals, Development, and the Risk to Our Children'' (2009), p. 172. or paresis, often accompanied by weakness and ...
in Toronto.


Early life

Thomas David Morrison was born in
Quebec City Quebec City is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Quebec. As of July 2021, the city had a population of 549,459, and the Census Metropolitan Area (including surrounding communities) had a populati ...
. His father was William Morrison, a senior clerk with the
Royal Engineers The Corps of Royal Engineers, usually called the Royal Engineers (RE), and commonly known as the ''Sappers'', is the engineering arm of the British Army. It provides military engineering and other technical support to the British Armed Forces ...
. He came to
York, Upper Canada York was a town and the second capital of the colony of Upper Canada. It is the predecessor to the Old Toronto, old city of Toronto (1834–1998). It was established in 1793 by Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe as a "temporary" location fo ...
, before 1816 and two years later he married Effie Gilbert, Patrick. Morrison was originally an
Anglican Anglicanism, also known as Episcopalianism in some countries, is a Western Christianity, Western Christian tradition which developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the ...
and served on the board of the Upper Canada Bible Society. In 1818, Morrison helped organise the creation of the first
Methodist Methodism, also called the Methodist movement, is a Protestant Christianity, Christian Christian tradition, tradition whose origins, doctrine and practice derive from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and John's brother ...
church in York.


Career pre-rebellion


Clerkship and early medical career

From 1812 to 1814, Morrison worked with the
British Army The British Army is the principal Army, land warfare force of the United Kingdom. the British Army comprises 73,847 regular full-time personnel, 4,127 Brigade of Gurkhas, Gurkhas, 25,742 Army Reserve (United Kingdom), volunteer reserve perso ...
as a clerk of acquisitions in the medical department during the
War of 1812 The War of 1812 was fought by the United States and its allies against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom and its allies in North America. It began when the United States United States declaration of war on the Uni ...
. In 1816, he was hired as a clerk in York for the office of the surveyor-general. He was fired from his clerkship in 1822 for "uttering languages" and "opinions very unbecoming a person employed in one of His Majesty's public offices". However, he might have been dismissed because he converted to Methodism in 1818 and Upper Canadian government officials thought he deviated from proper Anglican values. After his dismissal, Morrison went to the United States to study medicine. He returned to York and on June 5, 1824, and was licensed to practice medicine in "Physic, Surgery and Midwifery". Morrison opened his practice in York but also travelled north into the country to care for people.


Provincial politics

In 1828 Morrison ran for the
Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada The Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada was the elected part of the legislature for the province of Upper Canada, functioning as the lower house in the Parliament of Upper Canada. Its legislative power was subject to veto by the appointed Li ...
for the constituency of the 3rd riding of York. He ran on a reform platform supported by
William Lyon Mackenzie William Lyon Mackenzie (March12, 1795 August28, 1861) was a Scottish-born Canadian-American journalist and politician. He founded newspapers critical of the Family Compact, a term used to identify the establishment of Upper Canada. He represe ...
, which opposed the firing of Judge John Walpole Willis by Lieutenant Governor Peregrine Maitland from the
Court of King's Bench The Court of King's Bench, formally known as The Court of the King Before the King Himself, was a court of common law in the English legal system. Created in the late 12th to early 13th century from the '' curia regis'', the King's Bench initi ...
. He lost the election to John Robinson by 17 votes and unsuccessfully challenged the results. After the election, Morrison helped organise a committee to petition British politicians to intervene in Upper Canada to protect the
constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. When these pri ...
. Members of this committee were against Maitland's dismissal of Willis. On August 22, 1832, he opened the York Dispensary with William Warren Baldwin and John E. Tims, but it closed a year later because of a lack of funding. In 1832
Solicitor-General A solicitor general is a government official who serves as the chief representative of the government in courtroom proceedings. In systems based on the English common law that have an attorney general or equivalent position, the solicitor general ...
Christopher Alexander Hagerman expelled Mackenzie from the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada. Morrison organised a meeting on January 19 to demand the
lieutenant-governor A lieutenant governor, lieutenant-governor, or vice governor is a high officer of state, whose precise role and rank vary by jurisdiction. Often a lieutenant governor is the deputy, or lieutenant, to or ranked under a governor — a " second-in-com ...
call an election to enable Hagerman and others to campaign and explain their actions to voters in Upper Canada. Mackenzie was in England during the subsequent by-election for his Legislative Assembly seat, so Morrison spoke on his behalf at the poll and encouraged others to join his recently created Upper Canada Central Political Union. Morrison proposed the organisational structure of the union and was elected its corresponding secretary. In 1834 Morrison was selected again as the reform movement's candidate for the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada in the 3rd riding of York. Morrison won his seat and was reelected in 1836. On November 4, 1835, he was elected as a director for the newly created Bank of the People, created to stop the monopoly of the Bank of Upper Canada.


Municipal politics

Morrison was elected alderman for St. Andrew's Ward in Toronto's 1834 city council election and was re-elected to this position in 1835 and 1836. Anticipating a
cholera Cholera () is an infection of the small intestine by some Strain (biology), strains of the Bacteria, bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae''. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea last ...
outbreak in Toronto, as a doctor, Morrison was appointed to a reconsecrated Cholera Hospital in 1834. The outbreak was declared later that year while Morrison was a member of the Toronto Board of Health. Morrison quarrelled with
Tory A Tory () is an individual who supports a political philosophy known as Toryism, based on a British version of traditionalist conservatism which upholds the established social order as it has evolved through the history of Great Britain. The To ...
members over accusations that Mackenzie, the city's mayor, was interfering with the work of health officers. Morrison was removed from the board when it was restructured two weeks after the outbreak's declaration. Tory newspapers speculated of an argument between Mackenzie and Morrison over the lieutenant governor's offer to fund the Cholera Hospital. Mackenzie explained in his newspaper that Morrison did not want to apply for more funding to the hospital and consequently resigned from the board. In 1836, the lieutenant-governor appointed Morrison to the Medical Board of Upper Canada. In 1836 he was chosen as mayor of Toronto. His mayoralty focused on the conflict between Reformers and Tories in the provincial legislature, but his term was also credited with new infrastructure projects to improve the city's water supply and an increased number of gas-powered street lamps. His council also approved funding to pave major roads with
macadam Macadam is a type of road construction pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam , in which crushed stone is placed in shallow, convex layers and compacted thoroughly. A binding layer of stone dust (crushed stone from the original mat ...
and created a House of Industry, which allowed for the creation of
workhouse In Britain and Ireland, a workhouse (, lit. "poor-house") was a total institution where those unable to support themselves financially were offered accommodation and employment. In Scotland, they were usually known as Scottish poorhouse, poorh ...
s the following year. He chose not to run for city council in the subsequent municipal election.


Upper Canada Rebellion

Morrison was a member of the reform movement and regularly attended their meetings in the 1830s. He hesitated before signing the movement's reform declaration in July 1837 but was appointed to their Central Vigilance Committee. When Mackenzie suggested a revolt in October 1837, Morrison reportedly exclaimed, "This is treason; if you think to entrap me into any such mad scheme, you will find I am not your man." Witnesses at the meeting stated that Morrison spoke against rebellion and threatened to leave if consideration was continued. After the meeting Rolph, Mackenzie and Morrison agreed to send Jesse Lloyd to
Lower Canada The Province of Lower Canada () was a British colonization of the Americas, British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence established in 1791 and abolished in 1841. It covered the southern portion o ...
to meet with the patriotes. Lloyd returned with a letter from Thomas Storrow Brown, a patriote leader, allegedly asking Upper Canada radicals to begin their rebellion to draw troops away from Lower Canada. Morrison was not convinced of this interpretation of the letter and spoke against taking any action. The three men agreed Mackenzie would tour local communities to solicit support for their cause. Morrison gave Mackenzie permission to tell communities he supported the rebellion, but insisted Mackenzie could not commit to or start any action during the tour. Mackenzie returned to York in the third week of November with a plan to start an armed rebellion on December 7. Morrison was concerned that Mackenzie was being reckless creating plans for the rebellion without consulting him and protested against the amount of authority Mackenzie was giving himself. Morrison and Rolph insisted Mackenzie convince people with military expertise to help lead the rebellion, and Mackenzie promised to recruit Anthony Van Egmond who had combat experience. During the
Upper Canada Rebellion The Upper Canada Rebellion was an insurrection against the Oligarchy, oligarchic government of the British colony of Upper Canada (present-day Ontario) in December 1837. While public grievances had existed for years, it was the Lower Canada Rebe ...
, Morrison remained in his home. On December 6 Morrison and Rolph sent a message to Montgomery's Tavern encouraging Mackenzie to disperse the men assembled there. Mackenzie ignored the letter.


Trial

A loyalist militia arrested Morrison on December 6 for participating in the Upper Canada Rebellion and held without bail until his trial in April 1838. He appeared before a government committee investigating the revolt to proclaim his innocence and deny knowledge or participation in the rebellion. The scaffold used to hang previous participants of the rebellion was dismantled two days before Morrison's trial. This could have been a sign of leniency from the government, or a signal to Morrison's jury that a guilty verdict would not result in Morrison's execution, thus making them more likely to convict him. The trial took place on April 25, 1838, and began at 10 am. Jonas Jones was the judge because the chief justice, John Robinson, ran against Morrison in the 1828 election for the legislature. Hagerman was the prosecutor and Robert Baldwin was Morrison's defence counsel. Morrison was charged with levying and the Crown called three witnesses who claimed to have seen Morrison on
Yonge Street Yonge Street ( ') is a major arterial route in the Canadian province of Ontario connecting the shores of Lake Ontario in Toronto to Lake Simcoe, a gateway to the Great Lakes#Geography, Upper Great Lakes. Ontario's first colonial administrator, ...
with Mackenzie on the night of the rebellion. The Crown admitted in their opening arguments that the witnesses might be mistaken. One witness stated he saw Morrison wearing glasses, but Morrison's defence attorney argued that Morrison often wore sunglasses during the day but would not have worn them at night. Fifteen witnesses also testified that Morrison was not on Yonge Street during the rebellion. The Crown brought a second charge of conspiring to form a rebellion and brought forward evidence of his signature on the reform declaration in July 1837. Hagerman struggled to explain why Morrison was not charged when the declaration was originally published, stating that the rebellion showed the true, violent intention of the declaration. The defence counsel stated that the declaration was a call to create a convention to discuss colonial independence from Britain and that politicians in England, including former Prime Minister
Robert Peel Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet (5 February 1788 – 2 July 1850), was a British Conservative statesman who twice was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1834–1835, 1841–1846), and simultaneously was Chancellor of the Exchequer (1834–183 ...
, were able to promote colonial independence without being charged with treason. The Crown also brought evidence that Morrison was at the October meeting where Mackenzie proposed the rebellion, but witnesses to the meeting testified Morrison was against this proposal when Mackenzie proposed it. Morrison's defence counsel also claimed that the reform declaration could be calling for a convention to discuss political independence from Britain, and prominent politicians in Britain were calling for colonies to be more independent without being arrested for advancing this idea. The defence counsel also challenged the idea that the declaration could call for the death of the monarch if the king was not physically present in the city. The trial ended at 2 am the next day and the jury deliberated for eight hours before rendering a verdict. Half an hour into their deliberations, the jury inquired about finding Morrison guilty of a crime less serious than high treason, but they were informed that they could not. The jury acquitted Morrison of the crimes brought forward at trial. The trial's audience applauded loudly upon hearing the verdict.


Post-rebellion life and death

Morrison was afraid of being charged again for planning the rebellion because the jury at his trial had inquired into convicting him of a lesser crime. He fled to Rochester to join Rolph before settling in
Batavia, New York Batavia is a city in and the county seat of Genesee County, New York, United States. It is located near the center of the county, surrounded by the Town of Batavia, which is a separate municipality. Batavia's population, as of the 2020 census, ...
, and returning to his career as a doctor. In 1839 the legislature expelled him for leaving the country. In 1843 the Canadian government declared an amnesty for almost everyone involved in the rebellion and Morrison returned to Toronto to practice medicine. He also served on multiple hospital boards, lectured at the Toronto School of Medicine, and in 1851 served another term on the Medical Board of Upper Canada. Morrison died on March 19, 1856, of
palsy Palsy is a medical term which refers to various types of paralysisDan Agin, ''More Than Genes: What Science Can Tell Us About Toxic Chemicals, Development, and the Risk to Our Children'' (2009), p. 172. or paresis, often accompanied by weakness and ...
in Toronto at his home on Adelaide Street.


References


Works cited

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Morrison, Thomas David 1790s births 1856 deaths Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada Mayors of Toronto 19th-century Canadian physicians 19th-century mayors of places in Ontario Canadian people of British descent People from York, Upper Canada Politicians from Quebec City Anglophone Quebec people People with cerebral palsy Physicians with disabilities