Theodor Wiegand
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Theodor Wiegand (30 October 1864 – 19 December 1936) was a German
archaeologist Archaeology or archeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of Artifact (archaeology), artifacts, architecture, biofact (archaeology), biofacts or ecofacts, ...
. Wiegand was born in
Bendorf Bendorf () is a town in the district of Mayen-Koblenz, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine, approx. north of Koblenz. Structure of the town The town consists of the following districts: *Bendorf *Sayn *Mülhofen *St ...
, Rhenish Prussia. He studied at the universities of
Munich Munich is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria, Germany. As of 30 November 2024, its population was 1,604,384, making it the third-largest city in Germany after Berlin and Hamburg. Munich is the largest city in Germany that is no ...
,
Berlin Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...
, and
Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau or simply Freiburg is the List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population, fourth-largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart, Mannheim and Karlsruhe. Its built-up area has a population of abou ...
. In 1894 he worked under Wilhelm Dörpfeld at the excavation of the Athenian Acropolis. From 1895 until 1899 he excavated the
ancient Greek Ancient Greek (, ; ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the classical antiquity, ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Greek ...
city of
Priene Priene (; ) was an Ancient Greece, ancient Greek city of Ionia (and member of the Ionian League) located at the base of an escarpment of Mycale, about north of what was then the course of the Maeander River (now called the Büyük Menderes Rive ...
, and from 1899 to 1911 he worked at
Miletus Miletus (Ancient Greek: Μίλητος, Mílētos) was an influential ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia, near the mouth of the Maeander River in present day Turkey. Renowned in antiquity for its wealth, maritime power, and ex ...
. He took part in the excavations of the
sanctuary A sanctuary, in its original meaning, is a sacred space, sacred place, such as a shrine, protected by ecclesiastical immunity. By the use of such places as a haven, by extension the term has come to be used for any place of safety. This seconda ...
of
Didyma Didyma (; ) was an Ancient Greece, ancient Greek sanctuary on the coast of Ionia in the domain of the famous city of Miletus. Apollo was the main deity of the sanctuary of Didyma, also called ''Didymaion''. But it was home to both of the Ancient ...
(1905–11) and of
Samos Samos (, also ; , ) is a Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese archipelago, and off the coast of western Turkey, from which it is separated by the Mycale Strait. It is also a separate reg ...
(1910–11). In
Pergamon Pergamon or Pergamum ( or ; ), also referred to by its modern Greek form Pergamos (), was a rich and powerful ancient Greece, ancient Greek city in Aeolis. It is located from the modern coastline of the Aegean Sea on a promontory on the north s ...
he discovered, in 1927, the
arsenal An arsenal is a place where arms and ammunition are made, maintained and repaired, stored, or issued, in any combination, whether privately or publicly owned. Arsenal and armoury (British English) or armory (American English) are mostly ...
s of the castle at the
acropolis An acropolis was the settlement of an upper part of an ancient Greek city, especially a citadel, and frequently a hill with precipitous sides, mainly chosen for purposes of defense. The term is typically used to refer to the Acropolis of Athens ...
and excavated the large sanctuary of Asklepios outside the city. He also finished the excavations at
Baalbek Baalbek (; ; ) is a city located east of the Litani River in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley, about northeast of Beirut. It is the capital of Baalbek-Hermel Governorate. In 1998, the city had a population of 82,608. Most of the population consists of S ...
in
Lebanon Lebanon, officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia. Situated at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian Peninsula, it is bordered by Syria to the north and east, Israel to the south ...
and published the results. From 1899 until 1911, he worked for the museums of Berlin as a foreign director in
Constantinople Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empire ...
, the capital of the
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
, and was the
science attaché A science attaché (also known as a scientific attaché or a technical attaché) is a member of a diplomatic mission, usually an embassy. A science attaché traditionally had three primary functions: advise the ambassador on scientific and techni ...
of the German Embassy there. From 1912 to 1930 he worked as the director of the Department of Antiquities in the museums of Berlin, when they built the
Pergamon Museum The Pergamon Museum (; ) is a Kulturdenkmal , listed building on the Museum Island in the Mitte (locality), historic centre of Berlin, Germany. It was built from 1910 to 1930 by order of Emperor Wilhelm II, German Emperor, Wilhelm II and accordi ...
for ancient architecture that houses part of the Antikensammlung collection, along with the
Altes Museum The Altes Museum (English: ''Old Museum'') is a List of World Heritage Sites in Germany, listed building on the Museum Island in the Mitte (locality), historic centre of Berlin, Germany. Built between 1825 and 1830 by order of King Frederick Will ...
. In 1922, Wiegand was accepted as a full member of the
Prussian Academy of Sciences The Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences () was an academy established in Berlin, Germany on 11 July 1700, four years after the Prussian Academy of Arts, or "Arts Academy," to which "Berlin Academy" may also refer. In the 18th century, when Frenc ...
. In 1930, the year he retired from the Prussian civil service, he was elected a member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. In 1931 he was made a member of the civil order
Pour le Mérite The (; , ), also informally known as the ''Blue Max'' () after German WWI flying ace Max Immelmann, is an order of merit established in 1740 by King Frederick II of Prussia. Separated into two classes, each with their own designs, the was ...
for Science and Art and, in 1932, he was elected to the presidency of the
German Archaeological Institute The German Archaeological Institute (, ''DAI'') is a research institute in the field of archaeology (and other related fields). The DAI is a "federal agency" under the Federal Foreign Office, Federal Foreign Office of Germany. Status, tasks and ...
. On 11 July 1933, Prussian Minister President
Hermann Göring Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering; ; 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German Nazism, Nazi politician, aviator, military leader, and convicted war criminal. He was one of the most powerful figures in the Nazi Party, which gov ...
appointed him to the recently reconstituted
Prussian State Council The Prussian State Council ( German: ''Preußischer Staatsrat'') was the second chamber of the bicameral legislature of the Free State of Prussia between 1921 and 1933; the first chamber was the Prussian Landtag (). The members of the State Cou ...
. He was one of the signatories of an open letter by German scientists in August 1934, endorsing
Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his suicide in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the lea ...
succeeding Paul Hindenburg as German
head of state A head of state is the public persona of a sovereign state.#Foakes, Foakes, pp. 110–11 " he head of statebeing an embodiment of the State itself or representative of its international persona." The name given to the office of head of sta ...
. Wiegand died in Berlin of late effects of malaria in December 1936. He is buried at the Waldfriedhof Dahlem.


Selected works

* ''Priene: ergebnisse er ausgrabungen und untersuchungen in den jahren 1895-1898'', (with Hans Schrader), Royal Museums of Berlin, 1904 –
Priene Priene (; ) was an Ancient Greece, ancient Greek city of Ionia (and member of the Ionian League) located at the base of an escarpment of Mycale, about north of what was then the course of the Maeander River (now called the Büyük Menderes Rive ...
, the results of excavations and investigations in the years 1895-1898. * ''Die archaische Poros-Architektur der Akropolis zu Athen'', German Academy of Sciences in Berlin, 1904 – The archaic Poros architecture of the
Acropolis An acropolis was the settlement of an upper part of an ancient Greek city, especially a citadel, and frequently a hill with precipitous sides, mainly chosen for purposes of defense. The term is typically used to refer to the Acropolis of Athens ...
at Athens. * ''Milet : Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen seit dem Jahre 1899'', German Archaeological Institute. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, 1906 –
Miletus Miletus (Ancient Greek: Μίλητος, Mílētos) was an influential ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia, near the mouth of the Maeander River in present day Turkey. Renowned in antiquity for its wealth, maritime power, and ex ...
: results of excavations and investigations since 1899. * ''Baalbek : Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1898 bis 1905'', (as editor) –
Baalbek Baalbek (; ; ) is a city located east of the Litani River in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley, about northeast of Beirut. It is the capital of Baalbek-Hermel Governorate. In 1998, the city had a population of 82,608. Most of the population consists of S ...
: results of excavations and investigations in the years 1898-1905. * ''Alte Denkma¨ler aus Syrien, Pala¨stina und Westarabien; 100 Tafeln mit beschreibendem Text, vero¨ffentlicht auf Befehl von Ahmed Djemal Pascha'', 1918 – Ancient monuments of Syria, Palestine and western Arabia; 100 plates with descriptive text, released on the orders of Ahmed Djemal. * ''Sinai'' (with contributions by
Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein Friedrich Siegmund Georg Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein (also and Turkish language, Turkish: ''Kress Pasha;'' 24 April 1870 – 16 October 1948) was a German general from Nuremberg. He was a member of the group of German officers who ass ...
, et al), 1920. * ''Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Pergamon 1927'', Berlin : Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, in Kommission bei W. de Gruyter, 1928 – Report on the excavations at Pergamon, 1927. * ''Zweiter Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Pergamon 1928-32'' – Second report on the excavations at Pergamon. * ''Der Entdecker von Pergamon, Carl Humann, ein Lebensbild'', Berlin, G. Grote (with Carl Schuchhardt), 1931 – The discoverer of Pergamon, Carl Humann. A life image.OCLC WorldCat Identities
published works


References


Further reading

*


External links


Theodor Wiegand entry
in th
Rhenish History Portal
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Wiegand, Theodor 1864 births 1936 deaths 19th-century German archaeologists 20th-century German archaeologists Archaeologists from Rhineland-Palatinate Directors of museums in Germany Humboldt University of Berlin alumni Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences Members of the Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany) People from Bendorf People from the Rhine Province People of the Antikensammlung Berlin Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) University of Freiburg alumni