Thackley Tunnel
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Thackley Tunnel is on the Airedale line between
Leeds Leeds is a city in West Yorkshire, England. It is the largest settlement in Yorkshire and the administrative centre of the City of Leeds Metropolitan Borough, which is the second most populous district in the United Kingdom. It is built aro ...
and Shipley on the lines to
Bradford Bradford is a city status in the United Kingdom, city in West Yorkshire, England. It became a municipal borough in 1847, received a city charter in 1897 and, since the Local Government Act 1972, 1974 reform, the city status in the United Kingdo ...
and
Skipton Skipton (also known as Skipton-in-Craven) is a market town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. Historically in the East Division of Staincliffe Wapentake in the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is on the River Aire and the Leeds ...
. Completed in 1846 and opened on 30 June, the tunnel is approximately long through Thackley Hill. The contractor was James Bray, an iron and brass founder from Leeds who later contracted the construction of the
Bramhope Tunnel Bramhope Tunnel is on the Harrogate Line between Horsforth station and the Arthington Viaduct in West Yorkshire, England. Services through the railway tunnel are operated mainly by Northern. The tunnel was constructed during 1845–1849 by ...
on the Leeds to Thirsk main line. As built, the single tunnel bore contained a pair of lines. In 1900, the railway was increased to four tracks, with two lines in a second tunnel. One tunnel carried the fast lines from Leeds and the other the slow lines. In 1968, the southern tunnel was closed, coinciding with the closure of the Great Northern Branch Line from Shipley to Laisterdyke via Idle and Thackley. The northern tunnel is in use. The disused tunnel is periodically maintained.


History


Construction

In 1830, proposals for a railway between
Leeds Leeds is a city in West Yorkshire, England. It is the largest settlement in Yorkshire and the administrative centre of the City of Leeds Metropolitan Borough, which is the second most populous district in the United Kingdom. It is built aro ...
and
Bradford Bradford is a city status in the United Kingdom, city in West Yorkshire, England. It became a municipal borough in 1847, received a city charter in 1897 and, since the Local Government Act 1972, 1974 reform, the city status in the United Kingdo ...
appeared before Parliament; according to author Graeme Bickerdike, they were stimulated by the burgeoning wool trade in Bradford. The direct route posed difficulties particularly with steep gradients; one towards the western section of the line where a stationary
steam engine A steam engine is a heat engine that performs Work (physics), mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a piston back and forth inside a Cylinder (locomotive), cyl ...
could have had to have been used to assist trains in the ascent of a 1:30 incline. As a result of rising cost estimates, backers withdrew, leading to the failure of the Bill. Nine years later, in 1839, a revised scheme was put forward, but failed to secure enough
financing Funding is the act of providing resources to finance a need, program, or project. While this is usually in the form of money, it can also take the form of effort or time from an organization or company. Generally, this word is used when a firm use ...
and was shelved. Four years later the project gained the attention of
George Hudson George Hudson (probably 10 March 1800 – 14 December 1871) was an English railway financier and politician who, because he controlled a significant part of the Railway Mania, railway network in the 1840s, became known as "The Railway King"—a ...
, who became known as 'The Railway King'. Hudson's intervention played a critical role when difficulties were encountered in raising capital, Hudson offered a guaranteed return of 7.5% to prospective investors, leading to a surge in demand.
Robert Stephenson Robert Stephenson , (honoris causa, Hon. causa) (16 October 1803 – 12 October 1859) was an English civil engineer and designer of locomotives. The only son of George Stephenson, the "Father of Railways", he built on the achievements of hi ...
was consulted from an early stage and surveyed a new route along the
Aire Valley The River Aire is a major river in Yorkshire, England, in length. Part of the river below Leeds is canalised, and is known as the Aire and Calder Navigation. The ''Handbook for Leeds and Airedale'' (1890) notes that the distance from Malham ...
to enter Bradford from the north. Stephenson's route included a tunnel through Thackley Hill. While some opposed Stephenson's route on the grounds that it was about four miles longer than the direct route, Stephenson defended his decision. He explained to the parliamentary committee that the revised line's ruling gradient of 1:200 would be more suited to the low-powered locomotives available and journeys would be quicker and cheaper than by the direct route. In July 1844, the project received
royal assent Royal assent is the method by which a monarch formally approves an act of the legislature, either directly or through an official acting on the monarch's behalf. In some jurisdictions, royal assent is equivalent to promulgation, while in othe ...
, clearing the way for construction to proceed. Staking out of the line got underway. At Thackley Hill seven shafts which reached depths of up to were started under the direction of engineer Francis Mortimer Young. A condensing steam engine, generating up to 25HP, was installed for lowering men and equipment into the shafts and raised
spoil Spoil or spoils may refer to: * Spoils, the proceeds of looting taken from an enemy or victim * Overburden, or spoil, the material that lies above an area that lends itself to economical exploitation * Spoil, material removed by earthworks * Spoi ...
. In January 1845, a £68,000 contract for work in the tunnel was awarded to Messrs Nowell & Hattersley. Conditions in the tunnel were extremely challenging and worsened by rudimentary working practices and lack of safety measures. Construction was near-continuous, working around-the-clock in eight-hour shifts for six days a week, breaking only on Sundays. Accidents were commonplace and deaths were a frequent occurrence and it was commonplace to attribute incidents to personal error. The workforce was praised by Hudson, who spoke of their energy and spirit during a celebratory meal marking the tunnel's completion after sixteen months. On 30 June 1846, the line, now known as the Airedale line was opened to great fanfare and public spectacle and a special train departing from Leeds carrying shareholders and other key figures ran in the early afternoon.


Operations

Thackley Tunnel was , longer than planned. Five of the shafts were retained for
ventilation shaft In subterranean civil engineering, ventilation shafts, also known as airshafts or vent shafts, are vertical passages used in mines and tunnels to move fresh air underground, and to remove stale air. In architecture, an airshaft, also known ...
s. At least three people died in the tunnel in the 1800s and
derailment In rail transport, a derailment is a type of train wreck that occurs when a rail vehicle such as a train comes off its rails. Although many derailments are minor, all result in temporary disruption of the proper operation of the railway sys ...
s and floods sporadically occurred. In July 1897, increasing levels of traffic using the line led to Midland Railway deciding that a second bore was needed. Royal assent was granted to the 'Thackley Widening Act' in 1898 and contractor Thomas Oliver & Sons and engineer J. A. McDonald commenced work. On 12 January 1900 there was a fatal accident when two of the railway workers, Michael Doughty and William Wilson were severely injured in an explosion, and the 43 year old Wilson died of his injuries. On 27 January 1901, the second tunnel bore was officially opened to traffic and the line increased to four tracks, two in the second tunnel. In 1968, as a result of the
Beeching cuts The Beeching cuts, also colloquially referred to as the Beeching Axe, were a major series of route closures and service changes made as part of the restructuring of the nationalised railway system in Great Britain in the 1960s. They are named ...
, the original tunnel was closed and traffic rerouted through the second tunnel. The first tunnel is still maintained by
Network Rail Network Rail Limited is the owner (via its subsidiary Network Rail Infrastructure Limited, which was known as Railtrack plc before 2002) and railway infrastructure manager, infrastructure manager of most of the railway network in Great Britain. ...
's asset management regime. In April 1985, a bulge was detected at the haunch closest to the live tunnel; steps to address it included installing
steel Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon that demonstrates improved mechanical properties compared to the pure form of iron. Due to steel's high Young's modulus, elastic modulus, Yield (engineering), yield strength, Fracture, fracture strength a ...
ribs to brace the area and additional monitoring. During the 1980s, the closed tunnel was backfilled with spoil to prevent further distortion of the tunnel's lining. In 1992, a pair of block walls were built in the first tunnel, an section of tunnel between them was
grout Grout is a dense substance that flows like a liquid yet hardens upon application, often used to fill gaps or to function as reinforcement in existing structures. Grout is generally a mixture of water, cement, and sand, and is frequently employe ...
ed, as was with No. 3 shaft, to prevent further deterioration. The work has precluded further use of the first tunnel as there is no provision for through-access. In 2013, more distortions were detected in the roof of the first bore generating concerns that consequential defects may emerge in the operational bore which would be difficult to remediate because of
overhead line An overhead line or overhead wire is an electrical cable that is used to transmit electrical energy to electric locomotives, Electric multiple unit, electric multiple units, trolleybuses or trams. The generic term used by the International Union ...
equipment. More infilling using lightweight
foam concrete Foam concrete, also known as Lightweight Cellular Concrete (LCC) and Low Density Cellular Concrete (LDCC), and by other names, is defined as a cement-based slurry, with a minimum of 20% (per volume) foam entrained into the plastic mortar.
took place over in mid-2016 to prevent the tunnel lining failing.


References

{{coord, 53.84542, -1.72863, type:landmark_region:GB_source:npemap.org.uk-enwiki, display=title Railway tunnels in England Buildings and structures in the City of Bradford Tunnels completed in 1845 Tunnels in West Yorkshire