Textual Variants In The Epistle Of James
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Epistle of James The Epistle of James is a Catholic epistles, general epistle and one of the 21 epistles (didactic letters) in the New Testament. It was written originally in Koine Greek. The epistle aims to reach a wide Jewish audience. It survives in manusc ...
are the subject of the study called
textual criticism Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either manuscripts (mss) or of printed books. Such texts may rang ...
of the
New Testament The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus, as well as events relating to Christianity in the 1st century, first-century Christianit ...
. Textual variants in
manuscript A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand or typewritten, as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way. More recently, the term has ...
s arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text that is being reproduced. An abbreviated list of textual variants in this particular book is given in this article below. Most of the variations are not significant and some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location of the original text. If their eye skips to an earlier word, they may create a repetition (error of
dittography Dittography is the accidental, erroneous act of repeating a letter, word, phrase or combination of letters by a scribe or copyist. The term is used in the field of textual criticism, especially in critical studies of ancient or biblical literature ...
). If their eye skips to a later word, they may create an omission. They may resort to performing a rearranging of words to retain the overall meaning without compromising the context. In other instances, the copyist may add text from memory from a similar or parallel text in another location. Otherwise, they may also replace some text of the original with an alternative reading. Spellings occasionally change. Synonyms may be substituted. A pronoun may be changed into a proper noun (such as "he said" becoming "Jesus said"). John Mill's 1707 Greek New Testament was estimated to contain some 30,000 variants in its accompanying textual apparatus which was based on "nearly 100
reek Reek may refer to: Places * Reek, Netherlands, a village in the Dutch province of North Brabant * Croagh Patrick, a mountain in the west of Ireland nicknamed "The Reek" People * Nikolai Reek (1890–1942), Estonian military commander * Salme Reek ...
manuscripts." Peter J. Gurry puts the number of non-spelling variants among New Testament manuscripts around 500,000, though he acknowledges his estimate is higher than all previous ones.Peter J. Gurry,
The Number of Variants in the Greek New Testament: A Proposed Estimate
''New Testament Studies'' 62.1 (2016), p. 113


Legend

;Other notable manuscripts in the Epistle of James


Textual variants


Insciptio : Ιακωβου καθολικη επιστολη (''Catholic Epistle of Jacob'') — Bc : omit — ‭א A B* James 1:3 : δοκιμον — 110 431 1241 Didymuspt : δοκιμιον — ''vid'' ‭א A B C K L P Ψ 049 056 0142 33 81 88 104 181 322 323 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 945 1067 1175 1243 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1739 1852 1877 2127 2138 2298 2344 2412 2464 2495 𝔐 Lect lat syr arm eth geo slav Didymuspt Cyril James 1:5 : ουκ — 𝔐 : μη — ‭א A B C James 1:9 : ο αδελφος ο ταπεινος — 𝔐 : αδελφος ο ταπεινος — B Ψ : ο ταπεινος αδελφος — 720 : omit — James 1:12 : ο κυριος (''the Lord'') — P 0246 𝔐 : κυριος (''Lord'') — C : ο θεος (''God'') — 33''vid'' 323 945 1739 2816 vg syr : omitted — א A B Ψ 81 itff cop James 1:12 : επηγγειλατο — ‭א A B Ψ 81 206* 2344 itff cop arm geo Didymuspt : επηγγειλατο ο θεος — 33''vid'' 322 323 463 547 945 1175 1241 1243 1735 1739 1852 2298 2464 2492 l596 lat syr eth Athanasius Didymuspt Chromatius Cyril John-Damascus : επηγγειλατο κυριος — C 794 1829 𝑙 𝑙 : επηγγειλατο ο κυριος — K L P 049 056 0142 0246 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1067 1292 1409 1505 1611 1877 2127 2138 2412 2495 𝔐 Lect syr (slav) Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact James 1:13 : απο — A B C 𝔐 : υπο — ‭א James 1:17 : παραλλαγη η τροπης αποσκιασμα — ‭א A C K L P 049 056 0142 81 88 104 181 322 323 326 330 436 451 629 630 945 1067 1175 1243 1292 1409 1611 1735 1739 1852 1877 2127 2298 2344 2464 2492 𝔐 Lect lat syr arm Athanasius Cyril-Jerusalem Didymus Jerome John-Damascus : παραλλαγη ουδε η τροπης αποσκιασμα — Ψ : παραλλαγη η ορ η τροπης αποσκιασματος — ‭א* B : παραλλαγη η τροπη αποσκιασματος — 614 1505 2412 2495 (slav) : παραλλαγης η τροπης αποσκιασματος — : αποσκιασμα η τροπη η παραλλαγη — copsa : παραλλαγη η τροπη η τροπης αποσκιασμα ουδε μεχρι υπονοιας τινος υποβολη αποσκιασματος — 876 1518 1610 1765 2138 : παραλλαγη η ροπης αποσκιασμα — Augustine Ferrandus Primasius : παραλλαγη η ροπη αποσκιασματος — itff James 1:19 : ιστε αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι ιστω δε — א* : ιστε αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι εστω — 436 1067 1175 1243 syrhmg arm : ιστε αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι εστω δε — ‭א B C (81) 88 945 1739 2344 lat copbomss,(ach) geo : ιστε δε αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι και εστως δε — A* : ιστε δε αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι και εστω δε — Ac : ιστε γαρ αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι εστω δε — itc : ιστε δε αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι εστω δε — ''vid'' 2464 vgmss copsa,bomss : ωστε αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι εστω δε — P* 1852 : ωστε αδελφοι μου αγαπητοι εστω — K L Pc Ψ 049 056 0142 0246''vid'' 104 181 322 323 326 330 451 614 630 1241 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1877 2127 2138 2298 2412 2492 2495 𝔐 syr(p),h slav Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact : και νυν αδελφοι ημων εστω — eth James 1:20 : ουκ εργαζεται — ‭א A B Cc K Ψ 81 : ου κατεργαζεται — C* P 0246 1175 1243 1739 1852 𝔐 James 1:22 : νομου (''of the law'') — Cc 88 621 1067 1852 : λογου (''of the word'') — ''rell'' James 1:22 : ακροαται μονον — B 1852 : μονον ακροαται — ‭א A C P Ψ 81 1175 1243 1739 𝔐 James 1:25 : ουκ — ‭א A B C : ουτος ουκ — 𝔐 James 1:26 : ειναι — ‭א A B C : ειναι εν υμιν — 𝔐 James 1:27 : τω — A B C : omit — ‭א 𝔐 James 1:27 : ασπιλον εαυτον τηρειν — ‭א (A) B C K P 049 056 0142 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 (436) 451 629 630 945 1241 1739 1877 2127 2492 𝔐 Lect latt syr cop arm (eth) : ασπιλους εαυτους τηρειτε — 614 1505 2412 2495 syr : υπερασπιζειν αυτους —
James 2:3 : ειπητε — ‭א A B C : ειπητε αυτω — 𝔐 James 2:3 : η καθου ωδε — copsa : η καθου εκει — B 945 1175 1241 1243 1739 1852 2298 2492 𝑙 itff : η εκει καθου — arm : εκει και καθου — C* : εκει και καθου ωδε — Cc : εκει η καθου — A Ψ 33 81 614 630 1292 1505 1611 2138 2412 2495 𝑙 lat syr geo Augustine Cyril Hesychius : εκει η καθου ωδε — ''vid'' ‭א K L P 049 056 0142 88 104 181 322 323 326 330 436 451 629 1067 1409 1735 1877 2127 2344 2464 𝔐 Lect syr copbo eth slav Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact James 2:4 : ου — ‭א A Bc C 33 81 614 630 945 1175 1241 1243 1739 2495 : ουχι — Ψ : και ου — P 307 𝔐 : και — 322 323 : omit — B* 1852 (vg) James 2:5 : τω κοσμω — ‭א A B C : του κοσμου — 𝔐 James 2:10 : τηρηση πταιση — ‭א B C : πληρωσει πταιση — A : τηρησει πταισει — 𝔐 James 2:11 : μοιχευεις φονευεις — ‭א A B C : μοιχευσεις φονευσεις — 𝔐 James 2:11 : κατακαυχαται ελεος — ‭א B : κκατακαυχασθω δε ελεος — A : κατακαυχαται ελεον — C 𝔐 James 2:15 : λειπομενοι — א B C : λειπομενοι ωσιν — A 𝔐 James 2:18 : χωρις των εργων καγω σοι δειξω — ‭א B : χωρις των εργων καγω δειξω σοι — A : χωρις των εργων σου καγω δειξω σοι — C : εκ των εργων σου καγω δειξω σοι — 𝔐 James 2:18 : πιστιν — ‭א B C : πιστιν μου — A 𝔐 James 2:19 : εις εστιν ο θεος — א A 1735 2464 𝑙 it vg syr cop arm eth geo Augustine Cyrilpt Salvianpt Faustus Caesariuspt Anastasiuspt : εις εστιν θεος — 945 1241 1739 2298 : εις θεος εστιν — B 614 630 1292 1505 1611 1852 1875 2138 2412 2495 Theophylact : εις ο εστιν θεος — C 33''vid'' 81 1175 1243 2344 2492 syr : ο θεος εις εστιν — K L 049
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0142 88 104 181 322 323 326 436 629 1067 1409 1877 𝔐 Lect vgms slav Didymus Cyrilpt Salvianpt Caesariuspt Ps-Oecumenius : θεος εις εστιν — 330 451 2127 : εις ο θεος — Cyril : εστιν θεος — Ψ Ps-Athanasius : εις ο θεος — it ff vgmss Cyrilpt James 2:20 : αργη — B C* 322 323 945 1175 1243 1739 itar,c,dem,div,s,z vgmss copsa arm Augustine : νεκρα — א A C K L P Ψ 049 056 0142 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1067 1241 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1852 1877 2127 2138 2298 2344 2464 2492 2495 𝔐 Lect itp vgmss syr copbo eth slav Didymus Cyril Salvian Faustus Ps-Athanasius Ps-Oecumenius Cassiodorus : κενη — it James 2:24 : ορατε — ‭א A B C : ορατε τοινυν — 𝔐 James 2:25 : αγγελους — ''vid'' ‭א A B K P Ψ 33''vid'' 81 322 323 436 1067 1175 1243 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1852 2138 2344 𝔐 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 itar,s,t vg syr : αγγελους του Ισραηλ — 61 syrhmg : αγγελους τους κατασκοπους — 𝑙 : κατασκοπους — C Kmg L 945 1241 1739 2298 2464 Lect itff syr cop arm eth geo slav
James 3:2 : δυνατος — A B 𝔐 : δυναμενος — ‭א James 3:3 : ει δε — ‭א A B* K L Ψ 049 33 104 181 326 330 436 451 1067 1243 1409 1505 1611 1735 1852 2344 2464 2492 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 lat copbo geo Ps-Oecumenius John-Damascus : ιδε — C P 056 0142 81 88 322 323 614 629 630 945 1175 1241 1292 1505 1739 2127 2138 2298 2412 2495 𝔐 Lect syr copsa arm slav(ms) Ps-Ambrose Theophylact : ει δε γαρ (ιδε γαρ) — ‭א* syr : ιδου — 36 483 1874 1877 : quare ergo — itm James 3:3 : βαλλομεν εις — ‭א B C : βαλλομεν προς — A 𝔐 James 3:4 : ανεμων σκληρων — ‭א B C K P 056 0142 81 307 1175 1243 1852 : σκληρων ανεμων — A L Ψ 049 1739 𝔐 James 3:4 : οπου — א B : οπου αν — A C 𝔐 James 3:4 : βουλεται — ‭א B : βουληται — A C 𝔐 James 3:5 : μεγαλα αυχει — A B C : μεγαλαυχει — ‭א 𝔐 James 3:5 : ηλικον — ‭א B : ολιγον — A''vid'' C 𝔐 James 3:5 : αδικιας η γλωσσα — ‭א A B C : αδικιας ουτως η γλωσσα — 𝔐 James 3:8 : δαμασαι δυναται ανθρωπων — ''vid'' B C 1739 : δυναται δαμασαι ανθρωπων — א A K P Ψ 049 81 307 1175 1852 : δυναται ανθρωπων δαμασαι — 𝔐 James 3:8 : ακαταστατον — ‭א A B K P 1175 1243 1735 1739* 2298 itar,ff,t vg syrp cop Jeromept : ακατασχετον — C L Ψ 81 322 323 436 945 (1067) 1241 1292 1409 1505 1611 1739c 1852 2138 2344 2464 𝔐 Lect syr eth geo slav Epiphanius Jeromept Cyril Flavian-Constantinople Speculum Cassiodorus John-Damascus James 3:9 : κυριον — ‭א A B C P Ψ 33 81 623 945 1175 1241 1735 1739 1852 itar,ff,t vgmss syr copbomss arm Cyril : θεον — K L 322 323 436 1067 1243 1292 1409 1505 1611 2138 2298 2344 2464 𝔐 Lect its vgmss syr copsa,bomss,ach geo slav Epiphanius Jerome Augustine John-Damascus James 3:12 : ουδε αλυκον — 88 : ουτε αλυκον — A B C* 1175 1243 1852 2492 syr copsa arm (John-Damascus) : ουτως αλυκον — 2492mg : ουτως ουδε αλυκον — ‭א 81 322 323 1739 2344 latt syr copbo (eth) geo Cyril : ουτως ουτε αλυκον και — 1735 : ουτως ουτε αλυκον — Cc Ψ : ουτως και αλυκον — 1241 : ουτως ουδε ουδε αλυκον — 33 : ουτως ουδεμια ποα αλυκον και — 1067 : ουτως ουδεμια πηγη αλυκον και — K L 049 056 0142 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 917 945 1292 1409 1611 1877 2127 2298 2412 𝔐 Lect syrhmg slav Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact : ουδεμια πηγη αλυκον και — 1505 2492 : ουτως ουτε πηγη αλυκον και — 2464 : ουτως ουτε μια πηγη αλυκον και — P 1505 2138 James 3:14 : εριθειαν — 𝔐 : ερειθειαν — James 3:14 : ψευδεσθε — 𝔐 : ψευδευσθε — James 3:15 : επιγειος — 𝔐 : επιγιος — James 3:16 : ακαταστασια — 𝔐 : ακαστασια — James 3:17 : αδιακριτος — ‭א A B C : αδιακριτος και — K L 049 69 322 323 𝔐 James 3:18 : δικαιοσυνης — A B C : της δικαιοσυνης — 𝔐 : ο δικαιοσυνης — א
James 4:1 : ποθεν μαχαι — ‭א (A) B C : μαχαι — 𝔐 James 4:1 : υμιν — 𝔐 : υμειν — James 4:2 : ουκ εχετε δια — A B 𝔐 : και ουκ εχετε δια — ‭א James 4:3 : αιτεισθε — 𝔐 : αιτειτε — 69 631 James 4:4 : μοιχαλιδες — ‭א* A B 33 81 1175* 1241 1739 1852 latt syr cop arm eth geo Augustine : μοιχοι και μοιχαλιδες — ‭אc K L P Ψ 049 056 0142 88 104 181 (322) 323 326 330 436 451 614 629c 630 945 1067 1175c 1243 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1877 2127 2138 2298 2344 2464 2492 2495 𝔐 Lect syr slav Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact : μοιχοι — 629*''vid'' James 4:4 : εαν — ‭א B : αν — A 𝔐 James 4:5 : κατωκισεν — ‭א B Ψ 049 104 226 241 462 547 807 1241 1739 1877* slav : κατωκησεν — K L P 056 0142 32 33 88 181 322 323 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 945 1067 1243 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1852 1877c 2127 2138 2298 2344 2412 2492 2495 𝔐 Lect latt syr(p),h cop arm eth geo Nilus Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact : κατωκεισεν — A 81 1175 2464 𝑙 James 4:7 : δε — א A B 𝔐pt : omit — 𝔐pt James 4:9 : μετατραπητω — B P 614 1241 1739 : μεταστραφητω — ‭א A 𝔐 James 4:9 : κατηφειαν — 𝔐 : κατηφιαν — James 4:11 : η — ‭א A B : και — 𝔐 James 4:11 : κρινων — 𝔐 : κρεινων — James 4:11 : νομον — 𝔐 : νον — James 4:12 : νομοθετης — B P 1175 1241*''vid'' 1243 1852 arm geo Cyrilpt : ο νομοθετης — ‭א A K L Ψ 33 81 322 323 436 945 1067 1241c, ''vid'' 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1739 2138 2298 2344 2464 𝔐 Lect cop eth Didymus Cyrilpt John-Damascus James 4:12 : και κριτης — ‭א A B : omit — 𝔐 James 4:12 : ο κρινων — ‭א A B : ος κρινεις — 𝔐 James 4:12 : πλησιον — ‭א A B : ετερον — 𝔐 James 4:13 : η — ‭א B : και — A 𝔐 James 4:13 : πορευσομεθα... ποιησομεν... εμπορευσομεθα και κερδησομεν — ''vid'' B P 323 1739 : πορευσομεθα... ποιησωμεν... εμπορευσομεθα και κερδησομεν — ‭א : πορευσωμεθα... ποιησωμεν... εμπορευσομεθα και κερδησομεν — A : πορευσωμεθα... ποιησωμεν... εμπορευσωμεθα και κερδησωμεν — 𝔐 James 4:13 : ενιαυτον — ‭א B : ενιαυτον ενα — A 𝔐 James 4:14 : το της αυριον — ‭א K L Ψ 049 056 0142 104 181 322 323 326 330 436 451 629 1067 1409 1735 1877 2127 2464 𝔐 Lect lat syr arm (eth) Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact : ττα της αυριον — A P 33 81 614 630 945 1175 1241 1243 1292 1505 1611 1739 1852 2138 2298 2344 2412 2492 2495 syr : της αυριον — B itff,l Jerome James 4:14 : ποια — ‭א* B 614 1505 1611 1852 2138 2412 2495 itl syr copbomss arm : ποια γαρ — ‭א2 A K L P Ψ 049 056 0142 33 81 88 104 181 322 323 326 330 436 451 629 630 945 1067 1175 1241 1243 1292 1409 1735 1739 1877 2127 2298 2344 2464 2492 𝔐 Lect lat syr copsa,bomss slav Jerome Augustine Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact : ποια δε — itff eth geo James 4:14 : ατμις γαρ εστε η — 81 104 614 1243 1292 1852 2412 2495 syr Jerome Ps-Oecumenius : ατμις γαρ εστε — B 322 323 945 1175 1739 2298 : ατμις γαρ εσται — P 88 1241 𝑙 𝑙 : ατμις εσται η — A itar,c,dem,div,p,s,z : ατμις εστιν η — 33 1735 2344 vg cop : ως ατμις γαρ εσται η — itl (arm) (eth) : ατμις γαρ εσται η — K Ψ 049 181 326 436 1067 1505 1611 2127 2138 2464 2495 𝔐pt Lect : ατμις γαρ εστιν η — L 056 0142 330 451 629 630 1409 1877 𝔐pt 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 itff slav (Augustine) Bede John-Damascus John-Damascus Theophylact : ατμις γαρ εστιν — 𝑙 : η — ‭א James 4:14 : και — ‭א A B : δε και — 𝔐 James 4:15 : ζησομεν και ποιησομεν — ‭א A B : ζησωμεν και ποιησωμεν — 𝔐
James 5:4 : αφυστερημενος — ‭א B* : απεστερημενος — A Bc P Ψ (33) (81) 322 323 945 1067 1175 1241 1243 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1739 1852 2138 2298 2344 2464 𝔐 Lect lat arm (eth) geo slavms Didymus Cyril John-Damascus : αποστερημενος — K L James 5:5 : υμων — ‭א (A) B : υμων ως — 𝔐 James 5:7 : αυτω — ‭א A B : αυτον — 𝔐 James 5:7 : εως — A B 𝔐 : εως αν — ‭א James 5:7 : λαβη — B 048 945 1241 1739 2298 lat copsa arm geo : λαβη υετον — A K L P Ψ 049 056 0142 33 81 88 104 181 322 323 326 330 451 614 629 1243 1292 1505 1611 1735 1852 1877 2127 2138 2344 2412 2464 2495 𝔐 Lect vgmss syr geoms slav Ps-Oecumenius Theophylact : υετον λαβη — 436 1067 1409 : λαβη καρπον — ‭אc 255 398 1175 itff syrhmg cop(bo) Faustus Cassiodorus Antiochus : λαβη καρπον τον — ‭א* James 5:7 : προιμον — ‭א A B : πρωιμον — 𝔐 James 5:9 : αδελφοι κατ’ αλληλων — B : αδελφοι μου κατ’ αλληλων — A : κατ’ αλληλων αδελφοι — (‭א) 𝔐 James 5:10 : αδελφοι της κακοπαθιας — (A) B : αδελφοι μου της κακοπαθειας — 𝔐 : της κακοπαθιας αδελφοι μου — ‭א James 5:10 : εν — (‭א) B P 307 1243 : omit — A K L Ψ 049 056 0142 81 𝔐 James 5:11 : υπομειναντας — ‭א A B : υπομενοντας — 𝔐 James 5:11 : ειδετε — ‭א B : ιδετε — A 𝔐 James 5:11 : ο κυριος — ‭א A (B) : omit — 𝔐 James 5:12 : υπο κρισιν — ‭א A B : εις υποκρισιν — 𝔐 James 5:14 : αλειψαντες αυτον — א A (Ψ) 048''vid'' 𝔐 : αλειψαντες — B P 1243 itff vgms copsamss James 5:14 : του κυριου — ‭א K L P 33 322 323 436 945 1175 1241 1243 1292 1409 1505 1611 1735 1739 1852 2138 2298 2344 2464 𝔐 Lect geo (eth) Chrysostom Cyril John-Damascuspt : κυριου — A Ψ 81 1067 𝑙 𝑙 arm John-Damascuspt : του κυριου or κυριου — lat syr slav Origenlat Hesychius : του κυριου Ιησου — 𝑙 : Ιησου Χριστου — 6 : omit — B James 5:16 : ουν αλληλοις τας αμαρτιας — ‭א A B : αλληλοις τα παραπτωματα — 𝔐 James 5:16 : ευχεσθε — ‭א K P Ψ 056 0142 𝔐 : προσευχεσθε — A 048''vid'' : προσευχεσθαι — B James 5:19 : μου — ‭א A B : omit — 𝔐 James 5:20 : γινωσκετω οτι — ‭א A K L P 049 056 0142 81 88 104 181 322 323 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 945 1067 1175 1241 1243 1292 1409 1611 1735 1739 1846 1852 1877 2127 2298 2344 2412 2464 2492 𝔐 Lect lat syr copbomss arm eth (geo) slav Didymus : γινωσκετε οτι — B 69 1505 1518 2138 2495 syr : οτι — Ψ Origenlat : omit — itff copsa James 5:20 : αυτου εκ θανατου — ‭א A P 048''vid'' 33 436 1067 1409 1735 1739 2298 2344 2464 lat syr copbo arm (eth) Didymus Cyril : εκ θανατου αυτου — B 614 1108 1292 1611 1852 2138 (2412) itff : εκ θανατου — K L Ψ 049 056 0142 81 88 104 181 322 323 326 330 451 629 630 945 1175 1241 1243 1505 1846 1852 1877 2127 2492 2495 𝔐 Lect copsa Origenlat Ps-Oecumenius John-Damascus Theophylact : αυτου — Ambrosiaster James 5:20 : αμαρτιων — 𝔐 : αμαρτιων αμην — 181 378 614 1518 1765 1898 syr : αμαρτιων οτι αυτω η δοξα εις τους αιωνας αμην — 330


See also

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Alexandrian text-type In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Alexandrian text-type is one of the main text types. It is the text type favored by the majority of modern textual critics and it is the basis for most modern (after 1900) Bible translations. Over 5,8 ...
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Biblical inerrancy Biblical inerrancy is the belief that the Bible, in its original form, is entirely free from error. The belief in biblical inerrancy is of particular significance within parts of evangelicalism Evangelicalism (), also called evangelic ...
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Byzantine text-type In the textual criticism of the New Testament, the Byzantine text-type (also called Traditional Text, Ecclesiastical Text, Constantinopolitan Text, Antiocheian Text, or Syrian Text) is one of the main Textual criticism#New Testament, text types. ...
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Caesarean text-type In textual criticism of the New Testament, Caesarean text-type is the term proposed by certain scholars to denote a consistent pattern of variant readings that is claimed to be apparent in certain Koine Greek manuscripts of the four Gospels, but ...
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Categories of New Testament manuscripts New Testament manuscripts in Greek can be categorized into five theoretical groups, according to a schema introduced in 1981 by Kurt and Barbara Aland in ''The Text of the New Testament''. The categories are based on how each manuscript relat ...
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Comparison of codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus, two of the great uncial codices, representatives of the Alexandrian text-type, are considered excellent manuscript witnesses of the text of the New Testament. Most critical editions of the Greek New Testament ...
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List of New Testament verses not included in modern English translations New Testament verses not included in modern English translations are verses of the New Testament that exist in older English translations (primarily the New King James Version), but do not appear or have been relegated to footnotes in later versi ...
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Textual variants in the New Testament Textual variants in the New Testament manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to the text that is being reproduced. Textual criticism of the New Testament has included study of its textual variants. Some comm ...
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Western text-type In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Western text-type is one of the main text types. It is the predominant form of the New Testament text witnessed in the Old Latin and Syriac translations from the Greek, and also in quotations from ...


References


Further reading

* '' Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine'', ed. E. Nestle, K. Aland, Stuttgart 1981. *
Bruce M. Metzger Bruce Manning Metzger (February 9, 1914 – February 13, 2007) was an American biblical scholar, Bible translator and textual critic who was a longtime professor at Princeton Theological Seminary and Bible editor who served on the board of the ...
&
Bart D. Ehrman Bart Denton Ehrman (born October 5, 1955) is an American New Testament scholar focusing on textual criticism of the New Testament, the historical Jesus, and the origins and development of early Christianity. He has written and edited 30 books ...
, "The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration", ''
OUP Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world. Its first book was printed in Oxford in 1478, with the Press officially granted the legal right to print books ...
'' New York, Oxford, 4 edition, 2005 *
Bart D. Ehrman Bart Denton Ehrman (born October 5, 1955) is an American New Testament scholar focusing on textual criticism of the New Testament, the historical Jesus, and the origins and development of early Christianity. He has written and edited 30 books ...
, "The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament", ''
Oxford University Press Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world. Its first book was printed in Oxford in 1478, with the Press officially granted the legal right to print books ...
'', New York - Oxford, 1996, pp. 223–227. *
Bruce M. Metzger Bruce Manning Metzger (February 9, 1914 – February 13, 2007) was an American biblical scholar, Bible translator and textual critic who was a longtime professor at Princeton Theological Seminary and Bible editor who served on the board of the ...
, "A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament", 1994, ''
United Bible Societies The United Bible Societies (UBS) is a global fellowship of around 150 Bible societies operating in more than 240 countries and territories. It has working hubs in England, Singapore and Nairobi. The headquarters are located in Swindon, England. ...
'', London & New York.


External links


The Comparative Critical Greek New Testament