Texan Schooner Invincible
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The Texas schooner ''Invincible'' was one of the four
schooners A schooner ( ) is a type of sailing vessel defined by its rig: fore-and-aft rigged on all of two or more masts and, in the case of a two-masted schooner, the foremast generally being shorter than the mainmast. A common variant, the topsail ...
of the Revolutionary Texas Navy (1836-1837). She began her service in January 1836 and immediately began attacking ships supplying the Mexican army in Texas, including capturing the United States merchant vessel ''Pocket'' and later the British ship ''Eliza Russell''. Both of these actions caused diplomatic incidents between the
Republic of Texas The Republic of Texas (), or simply Texas, was a country in North America that existed for close to 10 years, from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846. Texas shared borders with Centralist Republic of Mexico, the Republic of the Rio Grande, an ...
and the
United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
and the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
. ''Invincible'' was refitted in New York City and barely avoided being seized by the
United States Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare, maritime military branch, service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest Displacement (ship), displacement, at 4.5 millio ...
for violating the neutrality of the United States. She served until she was run aground and wrecked at
Galveston, Texas Galveston ( ) is a Gulf Coast of the United States, coastal resort town, resort city and port off the Southeast Texas coast on Galveston Island and Pelican Island (Texas), Pelican Island in the U.S. state of Texas. The community of , with a pop ...
on August 27, 1837 while fleeing two ships of the
Mexican Navy The Mexican Navy () is one of the components of the Mexican Armed Forces. The Secretariat of the Navy is in charge of administration of the navy. The commander of the navy is the Secretary of the Navy, who is both a cabinet minister and a career ...
. During her short career in the service of the
Republic of Texas The Republic of Texas (), or simply Texas, was a country in North America that existed for close to 10 years, from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846. Texas shared borders with Centralist Republic of Mexico, the Republic of the Rio Grande, an ...
, she was a raider and flagship of the small
Texian Texians were Anglo-American immigrants to Mexican Texas and, later, citizens of the Republic of Texas. Today, the term is used to identify early Anglo settlers of Texas, especially those who supported the Texas Revolution. Mexican settlers of tha ...
navy.


Purchase and commissioning of the ''Invincible''

Because of the activities of Mexican raiding vessels along the coast of the
Gulf of Mexico The Gulf of Mexico () is an oceanic basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, mostly surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north, and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States; on the southw ...
, the provisional government of Texas in the 1830s became acutely aware of the need for a navy. On the day that Texas acquired the first ship to the purpose, ''
Liberty Liberty is the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views. The concept of liberty can vary depending on perspective and context. In the Constitutional ...
'', the General Council reported that they were being offered another, ''Invincible, ''which they recommended be examined and, if suitable, purchased immediately. Originally built as a
slave Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Enslavemen ...
trader in a
Baltimore Baltimore is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland. With a population of 585,708 at the 2020 census and estimated at 568,271 in 2024, it is the 30th-most populous U.S. city. The Baltimore metropolitan area is the 20th-large ...
shipyard, the schooner was being presented to the government by new owners, Texas special agents Thomas F. McKinney and
Samuel May Williams Samuel May Williams (October 4, 1795 – September 13, 1858) was an American businessman, politician, and close associate of Stephen F. Austin, who was an Anglo-American colonizer of Mexican Texas. As a teenager, Williams started working in t ...
, who had purchased her for $12,013.02 and were asking a 12.5% commission. She was approved and purchased three days thereafter, on January 8, 1836. The schooner had been built sturdily, but for speed, and was fitted in
New Orleans New Orleans (commonly known as NOLA or The Big Easy among other nicknames) is a Consolidated city-county, consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the U.S. state of Louisiana. With a population of 383,997 at the 2020 ...
with two
18-pounder long gun The 18-pounder long gun was an intermediary calibre piece of naval artillery mounted on warships of the Age of Sail. They were used as main guns on the most typical frigates of the early 19th century, on the second deck of third-rate ships of th ...
s, two 9-pounders and four 6-pounders. The costs were borne by General Thomas J. Green, Texas general agent William Bryan, and purchasing agent Edward Hall. By the time the 70-crew ''Invincible'' was prepared for service, she cost almost $20,000.00. On March 12, 1836, she was given over to the command of Captain Jeremiah Brown.


Destruction of ''Bravo ''and capture of ''Pocket''

Captain Brown had been given a specific initial mission: to protect the Texas coast from the Mexican
man-of-war In Royal Navy jargon, a man-of-war (also man-o'-war, or simply man) was a powerful warship or frigate of the 16th to the 19th century, that was frequently used in Europe. Although the term never acquired a specific meaning, it was usually rese ...
''Montezuma''. On April 3, 1836, he found her. By that time renamed ''Bravo'', the 20-gun man-of-war was near the mouth of the Rio Grande awaiting a refit for a lost rudder when ''Invincible'' came up. One of her lieutenants, William H. Leving, was sent to ''Bravo'' on a small boat, but when ''Bravo'' attempted to flee with Leving on board, ''Invincible'' opened fire. ''Bravo'' ran aground on a sandbar near the north beach and there broadsides destroyed her. While ''Invincible'' suffered no damage in the conflict, ''Bravo''s crew escaped with Leving and hanged him for piracy. ''Invincible'''s battle with ''Bravo'' was witnessed by the captain and crew of the American-owned brig ''Pocket.'' This merchant vessel, captained by Elijah Howe, was carrying food and weapons to
Santa Anna Santa Anna may refer to: Places * Santa Anna, Texas, a town in Coleman County in Central Texas, US * Santa Anna, Starr County, Texas, US * Santa Anna Township, DeWitt County, Illinois, one of townships in DeWitt County, Illinois, US Ships * San ...
's army in Texas. It also carried important evidence of Santa Anna's plans to seize the ports of Texas and station men on the strategically important and heavily populated
Galveston Island Galveston Island ( ) is a barrier island on the Texas Gulf Coast in the United States, about southeast of Houston, Texas, Houston. The entire island, with the exception of Jamaica Beach, Texas, Jamaica Beach, is within the city limits of the City ...
. After the destruction of ''Bravo'', Brown captured ''Pocket'' and arrived with her in Galveston on April 8.
Sam Houston Samuel Houston (, ; March 2, 1793 – July 26, 1863) was an American general and statesman who played a prominent role in the Texas Revolution. He served as the first and third president of the Republic of Texas and was one of the first two indi ...
's army received the seized supplies fortified Galveston Island with them. Texas historian
Jim Dan Hill Jim or JIM may refer to: Names * Jim (given name), a given name * Jim, a diminutive form of the given name James * Jim, a short form of the given name Jimmy People and horses * Jim, the nickname of Yelkanum Seclamatan (died April 1911), N ...
, writing during the Texas Centennial in 1936 credited ''Invincible'' with contributing mightily to
Sam Houston Samuel Houston (, ; March 2, 1793 – July 26, 1863) was an American general and statesman who played a prominent role in the Texas Revolution. He served as the first and third president of the Republic of Texas and was one of the first two indi ...
's victory at San Jacinto by depriving the Mexicans of the reinforcements that ''Bravo'' would have brought and by redirecting ''Pocket''s supplies to the Texans just before the battle.


Charges of piracy

Upon leaving ''Pocket'', Captain Howe lodged a complaint of piracy against Captain Brown. The sloop ''Warren'' captured ''Invincible'' on May 1 and took her to New Orleans, along with 46 of her crew. Brown escaped capture. The crew was soon released when insufficient testimony was offered to counter the defense's claim that ''Invincible'' had apprehended ''Pocket'' for violating the laws of the Republic of Texas and of nations, by carrying contraband and spies to Santa Anna. After the courts released his men, Brown surrendered and also was released. However, the government of Texas agreed to settle with the United States for ''Pocket'' by paying $11,750.00. This was paid, with interest to a total of $12,455.00, on July 6, 1849.


Repairs in New York

Thereafter, ''Invincible'' defended the coast until June, when she was ordered to transport Santa Anna to
Veracruz Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 Political divisions of Mexico, Federal Entit ...
. Santa Anna was already aboard the schooner when General
Thomas Jefferson Green Thomas Jefferson Green (February 14, 1802 – December 12, 1863) was an American politician who served in the legislatures of three different U.S. states and also of Texas, which was not yet a state. Biography Born in Warren County, North Carol ...
arrived on June 5 from New Orleans aboard ''Ocean ''to forbid the transport. On July 4, ''Invincible'' was sent to Matagorda to defend the schooner ''Brutus'', which was blockaded by the ''Vencedor del Alamo''. ''Invincible'' offered to engage the retreating ''Vencedor del Alamo'' in battle near Vera Cruz, but were told that the crew was not able to fight. In September, ''Invincible'' arrived in New York city for repairs and might have remained there due to lack of funds to pay for the services. However, Texas benefactor
Samuel Swartwout Samuel Swartwout (November 17, 1783 – November 21, 1856) was an American soldier, merchant, speculator, and politician. He is best known for his role in the Swartwout-Hoyt scandal, in which he was alleged to have embezzled $1,222,705.09 ...
settled the debt to release the ship from impoundment. Pursued by a ship sent to arrest the crew for violating the neutrality laws of the United States, she fled back to Galveston, arriving on March 14, 1837.


New captain and final battle

In April 1837, ''Invincible'' received a new captain, Commodore H. L. Thompson, who after a fruitless search for enemy on the Texas coast alongside ''Brutus'', set off for Mexico. The ships captured several pirogues and burned eight or nine Mexican towns before capturing several vessels. One of these was the merchantman ''Eliza Russell'', a British ship that was flying a neutral flag and carrying no contraband. ''Eliza Russell'' was quickly released, but the British government later demanded, and received, about $4,000.00 compensation for the detainment. Because of such acts and because ''Invincible'' had continued sailing several months beyond her sailing orders, President
Sam Houston Samuel Houston (, ; March 2, 1793 – July 26, 1863) was an American general and statesman who played a prominent role in the Texas Revolution. He served as the first and third president of the Republic of Texas and was one of the first two indi ...
relieved Captain Thompson of his command. Houston also dismissed Texas's
Secretary of the Navy The Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV) is a statutory officer () and the head (chief executive officer) of the Department of the Navy, a military department within the United States Department of Defense. On March 25, 2025, John Phelan was confirm ...
,
Samuel Rhoads Fisher Samuel Rhoads Fisher was the secretary of the Navy of the Republic of Texas. He was born in Pennsylvania on December 31, 1794, and settled in Texas in 1830 with his wife and four children in the Matagorda area. He represented Matagorda Municipalit ...
, who had abandoned his position to join the ships. Thompson would die on November 1, 1837, before he could be brought to trial. ''Invincible ''and ''Brutus'' returned to Galveston on August 26, 1837, but while ''Brutus'' entered the harbor, poor weather kept ''Invincible'' outside. In the morning, ''Vencedor del Alamo'' and ''Libertador'' attacked her. ''Brutus'' attempted to come to ''Invincible''s assistance, but ran aground. When after some time resisting ''Invincible'' attempted to enter the harbor, she too ran aground. Her crew abandoned her and ''Invincible'' was dashed to pieces during the night. The First Texas Navy had lost its two final ships and was no more. On May 23, 1838, President Houston agreed to pay the officers and crew one half of the value of the prizes they had obtained, albeit illegally, on their last cruise.


Vessels captured with ''Brutus''

All the vessels captured were schooners.


Postscript

The
National Underwater and Marine Agency The National Underwater and Marine Agency (NUMA) is a private non-profit organization in the United States founded in 1979. Originally it was a fictional US government organization in the novels of author Clive Cussler. Cussler later created and, ...
, founded by
Clive Cussler Clive Eric Cussler (July 15, 1931 – February 24, 2020) was an American adventure novelist and underwater explorer. His thriller novels, many featuring the character Dirk Pitt, have been listed on ''The New York Times'' fiction best-sell ...
, investigated in 1995. He found a few items, but not nearly enough to have been the Invincible. He also found that the sea bottom was hard clay below four layers of silt. The clay would have prevented the wreck from sinking into the sea bed, so he speculated that subsequent hurricanes scattered the ships remains far and wide, burying them in sand.


Notes


Citations


References

*Silverstone, Paul H. (2001) ''The Sailing Navy, 1775-1854''. (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press) ISBN 1- 55750-893-3 {{DEFAULTSORT:Invincible Ships of the Texas Navy Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico Maritime incidents in August 1837 History of Galveston, Texas Texas Revolution 1830s ships 1995 archaeological discoveries