Tetraena
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''Tetraena'' is a possible
genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of
flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...
s in the
family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
Zygophyllaceae Zygophyllaceae is a family of flowering plants that contains the bean-caper and caltrop. The family includes around 285 species in 22 genera. Plants in the family Zygophyllaceae may be trees, shrubs, or herbs. They are often found in dry habit ...
, subfamily Zygophylloideae. ,
Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online taxonomic database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. History Following the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew launched Plants of the World Online i ...
and the
World Flora Online World Flora Online is an Internet-based compendium of the world's plant species. Description The World Flora Online (WFO) is an open-access database, launched in October 2012 as a follow-up project to The Plant List, with the aim of publishi ...
accepted it as a
synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means precisely or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are a ...
of ''
Zygophyllum ''Zygophyllum'' is the type genus of the flowering plant family Zygophyllaceae. The generic name is derived from the Greek language, Greek words ζυγόν (''zygon''), meaning "double", and φυλλον (''phyllon''), meaning "leaf". It refer ...
''.


Description

Species formerly placed in ''Tetraena'' are
shrub A shrub or bush is a small to medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees by their multiple ...
by or
herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition of ...
, the tallest being around . The leaves are opposite, or sometimes borne on short shoots and then appearing to be alternate. They may or may not have stalks ( petioles). The flower usually has five
petal Petals are modified leaves that form an inner whorl surrounding the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly coloured or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''corol ...
s and five
sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 Etymology The term ''sepalum'' ...
s, rarely four, and ten
stamen The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament ...
s. The flower is usually tube-like in appearance with white to pale orange petals. The
ovary The ovary () is a gonad in the female reproductive system that produces ova; when released, an ovum travels through the fallopian tube/ oviduct into the uterus. There is an ovary on the left and the right side of the body. The ovaries are end ...
has three to five chambers (
locule A locule (: locules) or loculus (; : loculi) is a small cavity or compartment within an organ or part of an organism (animal, plant, or fungus). In angiosperms (flowering plants), the term ''locule'' usually refers to a chamber within an ovary ...
s). The ripe fruit is variable in shape, splitting into parts before releasing the seeds.


Taxonomy

The genus ''Tetraena'' was erected by
Karl Maximovich Carl Johann Maximovich, also Karl Ivanovich Maximovich (Russian language, Russian: Карл Иванович Максимович; 23 November 1827 – 16 February 1891) was a Russian botanist. Maximovich spent most of his life studying the flor ...
in 1889 for the species ''Tetraena mongolica'' (syn. '' Zygophyllum mongolicum''). Until 2003, this was the only species recognized in the genus.
Molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
studies suggested that the genus ''
Zygophyllum ''Zygophyllum'' is the type genus of the flowering plant family Zygophyllaceae. The generic name is derived from the Greek language, Greek words ζυγόν (''zygon''), meaning "double", and φυλλον (''phyllon''), meaning "leaf". It refer ...
'' was not
monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ...
, since ''Tetraena'' and some other genera were nested within it. To create monophyletic genera, Björn-Axel Beier and Mats Thulin transferred about 40 species of ''Zygophyllum'' to ''Tetraena'', creating a much expanded genus. Doubt was later cast on whether this was the right approach to achieving a
monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ...
''Zygophyllum''. ,
Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online taxonomic database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. History Following the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew launched Plants of the World Online i ...
and the
World Flora Online World Flora Online is an Internet-based compendium of the world's plant species. Description The World Flora Online (WFO) is an open-access database, launched in October 2012 as a follow-up project to The Plant List, with the aim of publishi ...
placed ''Tetraena'' within ''Zygophyllum'', although ''Tetraena'' was accepted by other sources.


Former species

Species that have been placed in ''Tetraena'' and were placed in ''Zygophyllum'' by
Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online taxonomic database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. History Following the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew launched Plants of the World Online i ...
, include: *''Tetraena aegyptia'' (Hosny) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum aegyptium'' *''Tetraena alba'' (L.f.) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum album'' *''Tetraena applanata'' (Van Zyl) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum applanatum'' *''Tetraena bucharica'' (B.Fedtsch.) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum bucharicum'' *''Tetraena chrysopteros'' (Retief) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum chrysopteron'' *''Tetraena clavata'' (Schltr. & Diels) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum clavatum'' *''Tetraena coccinea'' (L.) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum coccineum'' *''Tetraena cornuta'' (Coss.) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum cornutum'' *''Tetraena cylindrifolia'' (Schinz) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum cylindrifolium'' *''Tetraena decumbens'' (Delile) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum decumbens'' *''Tetraena dumosa'' (Boiss.) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum dumosum'' *''Tetraena fontanesii'' (Webb & Berthel.) Beier & Thulin = ''
Zygophyllum fontanesii ''Zygophyllum fontanesii'', synonym ''Tetraena fontanesii'', is a species of plant of the family Zygophyllaceae. It is found in Macaronesia and northwest Africa. Description This halophile and xerophile A xerophile () is an extremophilic organi ...
'' *''Tetraena gaetula'' (Emb. & Maire) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum gaetulum'' *''Tetraena geslinii'' (Coss.) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum geslinii'' *''Tetraena giessii'' (Merxm. & A.Schreib.) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum giessii'' *''Tetraena hamiensis'' (Schweinf.) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum hamiense'' *''Tetraena longicapsularis'' (Schinz) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum longicapsulare'' *''Tetraena longistipulata'' (Schinz) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum longistipulatum'' *''Tetraena madagascariensis'' (Baill.) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum madagascariense'' *''Tetraena madecassa'' (H.Perrier) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum madecassum'' *''Tetraena mandavillei'' (Hadidi) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum mandavillei'' *''Tetraena microcarpa'' (Licht. ex Cham.) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum microcarpum'' *''Tetraena migiurtinorum'' (Chiov.) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum migiurtinorum'' *''Tetraena mongolica'' Maxim. = '' Zygophyllum mongolicum'' *''Tetraena prismatica'' (Chiov.) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum prismaticum'' *''Tetraena prismatocarpa'' (Sond.) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum prismatocarpum'' *''Tetraena propinqua'' (Decne.) Ghaz. & Osborne = '' Zygophyllum propinquum'' *''Tetraena pterocaulis'' (Van Zyl) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum pterocaule'' *''Tetraena qatarensis'' (Hadidi) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum qatarense'' *''Tetraena retrofracta'' (Thunb.) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum retrofractum'' *''Tetraena rigida'' (Schinz) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum rigidum'' *''Tetraena simplex'' (L.) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum simplex'' *''Tetraena somalensis'' (Hadidi) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum somalense'' *''Tetraena stapffii'' (Schinz) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum stapffii'' *''Tetraena tenuis'' (R.Glover) Beier & Thulin = '' Zygophyllum tenue''


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q9291484 Zygophylloideae Historically recognized angiosperm genera Taxa named by Karl Maximovich