Terminonaris

''Terminonaris'' is a genus of extinct pholidosaurid crocodyliforms that lived during the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian and TuronianWu X-C, Russell AP, & Cumbaa SL. 2001. ''Terminonaris'' (Archosauria: Crocodyliformes): new material from Saskatchewan, Canada, and comments on its phylogenetic relationships. ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'' 21(3):492-514.Shimada, K., and Parris, D.C., 2007. A long-snouted Late Cretaceous crocodyliform, ''Terminonaris'' cf. ''T. browni'', from the Carlile Shale (Turonian) of Kansas. ''Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science'' 110(1):107-115.) epoch. The name means: ''“enlarged snout or nose”'' at the front of the skull. ''Terminonaris'' is an early crocodile, within a subgroup called Mesoeucrocodylia. Its remains have only been found in North America and Europe. Originally known under the generic name ''Teleorhinus'', it was once believed to be a teleosaurid (a family of marine gavial-like thalattosuchians). Both prehistoric crocodiles such as ''Terminonaris'', as well as modern crocodiles, belong to the same group called crocodyliformes, although modern crocodiles have specific features that indicate they are distant relatives of this species and members of the subgroup Eusuchia.

Description

''Terminonaris'' was a predator that could reach a length of about . The skull of the largest individual is long. The elongated snout and the long, relatively thin teeth suggest that ''Terminonaris'' was a hunter of fish, small mammals and possibly small dinosaurs.

Habitat

''Terminonaris'' inhabited the Western Interior Seaway, an inland sea that stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean during Late Cretaceous time. The creature probably kept close to the shore, venturing into the seaway's warm salty water only to hunt for fish. Like modern crocodiles and alligators, ''Terminonaris'' would have eaten whatever it could catch, including small mammals and dinosaurs.

Specimens

Seven fossil specimens of ''Terminonaris'' have been discovered and all are from the Northern Hemisphere: six from North America and one from Europe. Scientists originally thought that ''Terminonaris'' originated in Europe, and then migrated across the Atlantic Ocean and dispersed throughout North America. However, it now seems more likely that ''Terminonaris'' originated in Texas and then dispersed northward. All of the ''Terminonaris'' fossils from North America have been found along the shores of the former Western Interior Seaway. A Kansas specimen is the most recent, having lived about 91 million years ago, while those from Saskatchewan and Montana date from around 93 million years ago. The ''Terminonaris'' from Germany is believed to be from 94 million years ago. The oldest, from Texas, lived about 96 million years ago. Recently identified maxilla piece was found in the Frontier Formation in Wyoming, dating 95 Ma.

Big Bert

Big Bert is currently the world's most complete skeleton of ''Terminonaris robusta''. His bones were discovered in 1991 in an outcrop of the Favel Formation along the banks of the Carrot River in the Pasquia Hills of Saskatchewan.Cumbaa, S.L. and Tokaryk, T.S. 1999. Recent discoveries of Cretaceous marine vertebrates on the eastern margins of the Western Interior Seaway. In: Summary of Investigations 1999, Vol. 1, Saskatchewan Geological Survey, Sask. Energy Mines, Miscellaneous Report 99-4.1, p. 57-63. They were encased in an olive-black shale that smelled of oil. The discovery was made by paleontologist Tim Tokaryk from the Royal Saskatchewan Museum, guided by local fossil hunter Dickson Hardie. The skeleton was recovered in 1992 by a team from the Royal Saskatchewan Museum and the Canadian Museum of Nature. They used explosives to dislodge some of the overburden that covered the skeleton. The area where Bert was discovered has yielded many fossils, including remains of birds, sharks, bony fish, dinosaurs, turtles, and plesiosaurs. At the time of discovery, Bert was the only one of his genus found in Canada.

Big Bert is believed to have lived about 92 million years ago, at a time when the Carrot River area was near the eastern shoreline of the Western Interior Seaway. He was close to long and his skull was more than long. His mouth was full of long skinny teeth, used for catching fish. To move in the water, Big Bert would tuck his small front feet close to his body and use his back feet and long tail to propel himself.

Two models were cast from the fossilized bones of the original skeleton. One travels through Saskatchewan, visiting different museums. The second was installed at the Pasquia Regional Park in the Dickson Hardie Interpretive Centre, near Bert's Carrot River home.

Texas Terminonaris

In 2005 an amateur fossil enthusiast and rural mail carrier named Brian Condon discovered a 96 million year old ''Terminonaris'' while fossil-hunting close to his home on Lake Lewisville near Dallas, Texas. The fossils were located in an outcrop of the Woodbine Formation. Mr. Condon donated the fossils to Southern Methodist University's Shuler Museum of Paleontology. They turned out to be the oldest examples of ''Terminonaris'', as well as the southernmost found to date.

References

External links

''Terminonaris''
in the Paleobiology Database
Pasquia Regional Park

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1027677

Tethysuchia
Late Cretaceous crocodylomorphs of North America
Prehistoric pseudosuchian genera
Prehistoric marine crocodylomorphs
Late Cretaceous reptiles of North America