Terceira Rift

The Terceira Rift is a geological rift located amidst the Azores islands in the Atlantic Ocean. It runs between the Azores triple junction to the west and the Azores–Gibraltar transform fault to the southeast. It separates the Eurasian plate to the north from the African plate to the south. The Terceira Rift is named for Terceira Island through which it passes. It crosses Terceira Island as a prominent ESE–WNW fissure zone.Volcanism Report on Terceira (Portugal) – February 2000
Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program.

Geological information

The Terceira Rift is 550 km long, and represents the world's slowest spreading center, with plate divergence of 2–4 mm/year.Vogt, P. R., & Jung, W. Y. (2004). The Terceira Rift as hyper-slow, hotspot-dominated oblique spreading axis: A comparison with other slow-spreading plate boundaries. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 218(1), 77-90. It developed from a transform fault and now operates as a hyper-slow spreading center, as recognized by the relative movement between the African and Eurasian plates.Beier, C., Haase, K. M., Abouchami, W., Krienitz, M. S., Hauff, F. (2008). Magma genesis by rifting of oceanic lithosphere above anomalous mantle: Terceira Rift, Azores. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G3), 9, Q12013. There is a strong resemblance between the Terceira Rift and other ultra- or super- slow spreading ridges, such as the Gakkel Rift and the Southwest Indian Ridge. In particular, high obliquity values of 40°–65°, and a magmatic segmentation wavelength of 100 km, are similar to other very slow rifts. Rift valleys present along the rift are 1000–2200 m deep, and 30–60 km wide, similar to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge median valley. However, the amplitude of the Terceira Rift along-strike topography is 2000–4000 m, which is much larger than expected for ultraslow spreading ridges. This irregularity is thought to be due to the association of the rift with the Azores hotspot, in combination with slow spreading rates. Slow spreading results in a strong and thick axial elastic plate, and slower volcanic extrusions from the rift zone, resulting in high topography when merged with plume-related volcanism. The large volume of volcanism associated with the hotspot is mainly controlled by regional extension between Africa and Eurasia, as indicated by strikes of extension fractures.Navarro, A., Lourenço, N., Chorowicz, J., Miranda, J. M., & Catalão, J. (2009). Analysis of geometry of volcanoes and faults in Terceira Island (Azores): Evidence for reactivation tectonics at the EUR/AFR plate boundary in the Azores triple junction. Tectonophysics, 465(1), 98-113. Furthermore, the majority of inter-plate deformation is focused on the Terceira Rift, although a clear deformation pattern has not yet been recognized.

Pre-rift influences

The structures present along the Terceira Rift have directions likely associated with pre-rift geometry, as they do not correspond to the current direction of spreading motion, which is approximately N70°. Evidence of pre-rift structures include ancient transform directions of N110°–N125°, reactivating as transtensional fault zones, and N–S directions from former middle-oceanic rift faults, reactivating as left-lateral fault zones. It is important to note other hotspot associated islands do not display these features, and thus, the reactivated structures are most likely a result of the complex tectonic setting associated with the Azores triple junction instability. The above observations may represent earlier stages of development between the rifting of Eurasia and Africa. The first stage began in 25 Ma and lasted until 8 Ma, corresponding to the initial rifting of the oceanic plateau. At 8 Ma, extension began along a transform fault, until approximately 3 Ma, when the Terceira Rift axis was initiated.Neves, M. C., Miranda, J. M., & Luis, J. F. (2013). The role of lithospheric processes on the development of linear volcanic ridges in the Azores.Tectonophysics, 608, 376-388.

The Azores Hotspot and the resulting Azores Plateau

The Azores Plateau began to form around 10 Ma, and is characterized by isotopic and elemental variations indicative of large heterogeneities in the mantle beneath it. There is also evidence of only one magmatic source, and no interaction with other volcanic systems.Madureira, P., Mata, J., Mattielli, N., Queiroz, G., & Silva, P. (2011). Mantle source heterogeneity, magma generation and magmatic evolution at Terceira Island (Azores archipelago): constraints from elemental and isotopic (Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb) data. Lithos, 126(3), 402-418. Additionally, the presence of thick crust and complex volcano-tectonic fabric implies the plateau developed through the migration of the Terceira Rift towards the NE, causing a constant position over a fixed hotspot. As previously mentioned, the Azores hotspot is thought to be the primary source for the excess magmatism along the Terceira Rift, resulting in the anomalously high relief of along-strike topography, and is considered to be sampling a relatively undegassed, primitive reservoir.Madureira, P., Moreira, M., Mata, J., & Allègre, C. J. (2005). Primitive neon isotopes in Terceira Island (Azores archipelago). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 233(3), 429-440. Lines of evidence for the plume-shaped structure in this area include mantle seismic anomalies, bathymetry and gravity anomalies, and plume noble gas signatures associated with the hotspot.Georgen, J. E. (2008). Mantle flow and melting beneath oceanic ridge–ridge–ridge triple junctions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 270(3), 231-240. However, there is also a possibility the increased magmatic activity on the Terceira Rift is a partial result of the involvement with the rift–rift–rift triple junction between the Eurasian, African, and North American plates.

References

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Plate tectonics
Geology of the Azores