Tenggerese (sometimes referred to as Tengger Javanese) is a

language Language is a structured system of communication. The structure of a language is its grammar and the free components are its vocabulary. Languages are the primary means by which humans communicate, and may be conveyed through a variety of ...

used by the

Tenggerese people The Tenggerese people are a sub-ethnic group of Javanese in eastern Java who claim to be the descendants of the Majapahit princes. Their population of roughly 100,000 is centered in 30 villages in the isolated Tengger mountains ( Mount Bromo) ...

in the mountain region of the

Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park ( id, Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru; abbreviated as ) is a national park located in East Java, Indonesia, to the east of Malang and Lumajang, to the south of Pasuruan and Probolinggo, and to the sout ...

which includes

Pasuruan Regency Pasuruan Regency ( id, Kabupaten Pasuruan) is a regency in East Java, province of Indonesia. The capital of this regency is Bangil. It had a population of 1,512,468 at the 2010 Census and 1,605,969 at the 2020 Census. This total excludes the po ...

Probolinggo Regency Probolinggo Regency ( id, Kabupaten Probolinggo) is a regency in East Java province of Indonesia. It covers an area of 1,696.17 sq. km, and had a population of 1,096,244 at the 2010 Census and 1,152,537 at the 2020 Census; the official estima ...

Malang Regency The Malang Regency is a regency in East Java, Indonesia. Malang Regency is the second largest regency in East Java after Banyuwangi Regency, with a total area of 3,530.65 km2. Malang is rich in potential for agriculture, medicinal plants and ...

and Lumajang Regency of

East Java East Java ( id, Jawa Timur) is a province of Indonesia located in the easternmost hemisphere of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern and so ...

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

. Linguistically, Tenggerese is considered to be a dialect of Javanese, a

Malayo-Polynesian The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian peoples outside of Taiwan, in the island nations of Southeast ...

language under the Austronesian language family. Some linguists regard Tenggerese as a descendant of the ancient

Kawi language Old Javanese or Kawi is the oldest attested phase of the Javanese language. It was spoken in the eastern part of what is now Central Java and the whole of East Java, Indonesia. As a literary language, Kawi was used across Java and on the islan ...

, as it has retained old vocabulary that is no longer used in modern Javanese.

Distribution

Tenggerese is spoken in regions that are settled by the

in the

area: *

Tosari Tosari is a village in the Tengger Mountains of East Java, Indonesia. It is near Pasuruan and is on a route to nearby Mount Bromo. The Tosari Sanitorium was advertised in a 1919 brochure.Pasuruan Regency Pasuruan Regency ( id, Kabupaten Pasuruan) is a regency in East Java, province of Indonesia. The capital of this regency is Bangil. It had a population of 1,512,468 at the 2010 Census and 1,605,969 at the 2020 Census. This total excludes the po ...

* Sakapura district,

* Ngadas village, Poncokusomo district,

* Ranu Pani village, Senduro district, Lumajang Regency

Grammar

A few examples of words in Tenggerese: When the alphabet "A" is read as "O" in modern Javanese, in Tenggerese it is still read as "A".

References

Bibliography

* * Javanese language Languages of Indonesia {{Indonesia-stub