The Ten Wings ( ''shí yì'') is a collection of commentaries ( ''zhuan'') to the classical Chinese '' Book of Changes'' ( ''Yì jīng'') traditionally ascribed to

Confucius Confucius (; pinyin: ; ; ), born Kong Qiu (), was a Chinese philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. Much of the shared cultural heritage of the Sinosphere originates in the phil ...

, though they were likely composed by later scholars. These writings represent the earliest known interpretations of the ''Zhouyi'', the Bronze Age divination manual underlying the '' Book of Changes'' ''( Yì jīng)''. By offering philosophical and moral insights, the ''Ten Wings'' transformed the text from a practical guide for divination into a profound treatise on metaphysics, ethics, and cosmology. The ''Ten Wings'' consist of the following commentaries on the '' Book of Changes'' ( ''Yì jīng)'': # ''Tuan zhuan'', or Commentary on the Judgment, the 1st #''Tuan zhuan'', the 2nd # ''Xiang zhuan'', "Overall Image", the 1st (sometimes called Great Xiang ) # Xiang, the 2nd (aka Lesser Xiang or Little Images ) # ''

Xici zhuan ''Xici'' or ''Xi Ci'' (''Great Commentary'', ) is one of the Ten Wings, a collection of Confucian books traditionally included in the '' I Ching'' written during the fifth century BC. Its origins are unknown, but it is suspected of being the prod ...

'', the Commentary on the Appended Phrases, the 1st #''Xici zhuan'', the 2nd (the two Xi Ci are also called the ''Great Commentary'' , to emphasize their importance) # ''Wenyan zhuan'', Commentary on the Words # ''Xugua zhuan'', the Sequence of the Hexagrams # ''Shuogua zhuan'', the Explanation of the Trigrams # ''Zagua zhuan'', the Assorted or Miscellaneous Hexagrams Doubts concerning Confucius' authorship of the ''Wings'' were expressed by Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072) and

Sima Guang Sima Guang (17 November 1019 – 11 October 1086), courtesy name Junshi, was a Chinese historian, politician, and writer. He was a high-ranking Song dynasty scholar-official who authored the ''Zizhi Tongjian'', a monumental work of history. B ...

(1019-1086) during the Northern

Song dynasty The Song dynasty ( ) was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song, who usurped the throne of the Later Zhou dynasty and went on to conquer the rest of the Fiv ...

. They were further consolidated by (1647-1715) and

Kang Youwei Kang Youwei (; Cantonese: ''Hōng Yáuh-wàih''; 19March 185831March 1927) was a political thinker and reformer in China of the late Qing dynasty. His increasing closeness to and influence over the young Guangxu Emperor sparked confli ...

(1858-1927) of the

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...

. The 20th-century

sinologists Sinology, also referred to as China studies, is a subfield of area studies or East Asian studies involved in social sciences and humanities research on China. It is an academic discipline that focuses on the study of the Chinese civilization ...

provide argumentation for rejection of the traditional creed.

References

I Ching {{China-lit-stub