Ten Marshals

was a Chinese military rank that corresponds to a marshal in other nations. It was given to distinguished generals during China's dynastic and republican periods. A higher level rank of '' Dayuanshuai'' ( zh , s = 大元帅 , t = 大元帥 , p = Dà Yuánshuài , l = Grand Marshal ), which corresponds to ''generalissimo'' was awarded to Chiang Kai Shek of the Republic of China. It was also proposed for Mao Zedong on the mainland, but he ultimately never accepted it.

History

List of rank holders

Song dynasty

Jin dynasty

Republic of China

People's Republic of China

The rank Marshal of the People's Republic of China ( zh , first = t , t = 中華人民共和國元帥 , s = 中华人民共和国元帅 , p = Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Yuánshuài ) was awarded to ten veteran generals of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force in 1955. However, it was abolished in 1965 and was never restored. Five important criteria must be met to attain the rank of Marshal:
# The candidate must have played a leading role in the establishment of one or more Revolutionary base areas;
# Been a Corps Commander, equivalent or above in the Chinese Red Army;
# Been a Divisional Commander, equivalent or above in the Eighth Route Army or a commander of the New Fourth Army;
# A Field Army Commander, Area Army commander or equivalent in the Chinese Communist Revolution;
# Been at least a National Defence Commission Deputy Commissioner prior to receiving the rank.

In addition, Chairman Mao, upon refusing the rank of Dayuanshuai, decreed that cadres who no longer serve in the PLA should lose eligibility for military ranks. Thus, Deng Xiaoping, Liu Shaoqi and Zhou Enlai declined the rank upon offer. Chen Yi also initially refused the rank in accordance to Mao's decree since he now primarily worked in government rather than the PLA. However, Zhou Enlai insisted that he take it, noting that because all of the other nine Marshals came from the Eighth Route Army, if he didn't take the rank, there would be no Marshal to represent the legacy of the New Fourth Army, and also noting the case of Nikolai Bulganin, who held the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union whilst working primarily in government, as a precedent. Thus, he was given an exception and was awarded the rank. As a result, the recipients of the rank were:

Su Yu was left out but he became the most senior of the ten Da Jiang. Many were surprised at this decision but he did not meet the first and second criterion. Seven of the ten Marshals took part in the Nanchang Uprising in various capacities with Zhou Enlai. Of the other three, Peng Dehuai led the Pingjiang Uprising. Xu Xiangqian missed out on Nanchang but participated in the subsequent Guangzhou Uprising with Ye Jianying. The other was Luo Ronghuan, who instead assisted Mao in the Autumn Harvest Uprising. Lin Biao was the youngest and Zhu De was the oldest of the ten Marshals aged 48 and 69 respectively at time of conferment. Luo Ronghuan was the first to die at age 61 in 1963 and Nie Rongzhen was the last to die aged 93 in 1992. Three of the ten Marshals were addressed by their honorific of 老总 (Lao Zong, or "Old Chief") by Chairman Mao himself due to their seniority and long service. These were Zhu De, Peng Dehuai and He Long. Chen Yi and Nie Rongzhen was sometimes also addressed as Lao Zong but not by Chairman Mao personally. One, Lin Biao, was simply addressed as 总 Zong due to his battle honours. He was not addressed as Lao Zong due to his youth and lesser seniority. He was also the only Marshal not to have died in Beijing.

See also

* Marshal of the Soviet Union
* Other pronunciations of the Chinese characters 元帥
** '' Gensui'', the Japanese equivalent
** ''Wonsu'', the Korean equivalent
** '' Nguyên soái'', the Vietnamese equivalent
* ''Grand yuanshuai'' (大元帥), a rank higher than ''yuanshuai''
** '' Dayuanshuai'' in Chinese
** '' Dai-gensui'', the Japanese equivalent
** '' Taewonsu'', the Korean equivalent
** '' Đại nguyên soái'', the Vietnamese equivalent

References

Bibliography

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External links

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{{Chinese Civil War

Yuanshuai
Military ranks of China

Military ranks of the People's Republic of China
Military history of China