Origins and terminology
In Italy, the linguistic expression teleamministrazione was first used in 1991 at the Roman 'La Sapienza' university, during a conference organised by the Court of Cassation, in which it was said that: "the new system of administrative information technology is called "teleadministration" because all the work of the Public Administration will be carried out through devices, that could also be computers, linked to the central server through a network." Teleadministration was indeed considered a type of teleworking. With teleadministration, administrative procedures become electronic administrative procedures and, more specifically, those that are initiated by a party realize the electronic one stop shop.Fundamentals
In the decades from 1970 to 1990, theAcknowledgement of the principles in current law
The legally accepted form of acts and documents evolved according to the following stages: # Acts only exist in paper form # Acts in electronic format are a possible option # Electronic format is compulsory, safe for a few exceptions In Italy, Phase 2 was launched by Art 15, para, 2, Law N. 59 of 15 March 1997, (the so-called 'Bassanini 1' law: it established the legal value of electronic documents, while regulations would establish the authentication criteria). The EC intervened later with its Directive 1999/93/EC of the'Star' procedure
Once paper based documents are abandoned, the real-time flow of documents greatly improves time management and responsibility of the single offices/ operators, while direct online access improves transparency. Teleadministration promotes maximum usage of the "star procedure", known and researched in Germany as "Sternverfahren". This procedure, an alternative to the sequential procedure, which has by nature longer head times, in the paper-based world would require making several copies of the administrative file (which can be extremely voluminous) for each office and each administration that needs to express an opinion or issue an authorisation. With the One Stop Shop, the administration initiating the process is charged with this task. Electronic files clearly provide evident benefits for these procedures, since all involved administrations can directly and simultaneously access the file, view the part they need to evaluate and add their opinion or authorisation directly, using a star-shaped scheme.Assessing actual acceptance in current law and real life
As a scientific proposition, teleadministration sketched the system of telematic administrative procedures well ahead of the law, and particularly the electronic One Stop Shop concept. Both concepts are based on the dematerialisation of documents and on telematic administrative work. The concept of documents' dematerialisation, in existence since 1978 as a scientific notion, was first embraced in Italy (Law N. 59 of 15 March 1997, Art. 15, para 2) and later by the E.C. in Directive 1999/93/EC. Once the principle that an electronic document can have legal value was accepted, it was possible to deal with its management within a telematic procedure. As mentioned, configuring this procedure within the rules of teleadministration is today accepted in both European and Italian laws. European laws also provide quite a detailed description of the electronic One Stop Shop, with rules that fit nicely within the scientific rules of teleadministration; their main limitation is that they were specifically designed for the free circulation of services within Europe, and hence for the procedures these require. It is the above-mentioned 1996/123/EC Directive, whose Art.6 establishes the One Stop Shop and Art. 8 provides that it should be managed "remotely and electronically", leaving further details to the commission. And indeed the commission, with its Decision of 16 October 2009, provided a number of measures to facilitate the use of electronic procedures through the "One Stop Shop" under Directive 2006/123/EC. These sources are clear and they apply to a wide-ranging sector: the problem is that any sector or procedure that is not related to the supply of services within the Union is not regulated, and Member States are therefore able to carry on with old-fashioned paper-based procedures. In light of this limitation, a group of illustrious European Law academics, coordinated by Giovanni Duni, has drafted the most effective text for a Directive providing a universal system of telematic administrative procedure.11. The outcome of this collective research effort is the text for a draft Directive, that can be found on the CNR ITTIG journal Informatica e diritto, Vol. XXI, 2012, N. 2, pp. 113-129: The telematic procedures in the European Union. Introducing a draft Directive, as well as on line, with an Italian and an English language version of the draft on the sitLegal sources
US law
1995 Utah Code, paras 46-3-101 to 46-3-504 (Enacted by Law 1995, Ch. 61). US Senate, S. 1594, Digital Signature and Electronic Authentication Law (SEAL) of 1998. — US House of Representatives, H.R. 3472, Digital Signature and Electronic Authentication Law (SEAL) of 1998EU law
*European Parliament and Council Directive 1999/93/EC of 13 December 1999, revoked and absorbed by European Parliament and Council Regulation 910/2014 of 23 July 2014, (known as the eIDAS regulation) in OJEU 28 August 2014. *European Parliament and Council Decision 2004/387/EC of 21 April 2004 on the interoperable delivery of European eGovernment services *European Parliament and Council Directive 2006/123/EC of 12 December 2006, on internal market services, providing for Member States to establish the electronic One Stop Shop in this vast field of administrative procedures. *Decision of 16 October 2009, establishing measures to facilitate electronic procedures through the «One Stop Shop» under Directive 2006/123/CE The telematic procedures in the European Union. Introducing a draft Directive, research coordinated by Duni, G., in CNR ITTIG Informatica e diritto, Vol. XXI, 2012, n. 2, pp. 113–129 and in www.teleamministrazione.it. *Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014, no. 910/2014 (abbreviated as eIDAS Regulation) in OJE 28 August 2014.Italian law
*l. 15 March 1997, N. 59, art. 15, para, 2. *D. lg. 23 January 2002, N. 10. *D.P.R. 20 October 1998, N. 447 *D. legisl. 7 March 2005, N. 82, codice dell'amministrazione digitale (CAD) *D.P.C.M. 22 July 2011 *D. Legisl 10 December 2013, N. 335 *D. Legisl. December 10, 2016, no. 179, (last modification to the Italian Code of Digital Administration)See also
*References
Bibliography
*Contaldo, A., La teleamministrazione con reti transnazionali europee come strumento per l'integrazione delle Pubbliche Amministrazioni dei paesi dell'Unione Europea, in Riv. trim. diritto amministrativo, I, 2004, p. 95 and later *Diffie and Hellman, New directions in Cryptography, in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, November 1976, 644 ss *Duni, G., L'utilizzabilità delle tecniche elettroniche nell'emanazione degli atti e nei procedimenti amministrativi. Spunto per una teoria dell'atto amministrativo emanato nella forma elettronica, in "Rivista amm. della Repubblica italiana", 1978, pag.407 ss. — Il progetto nazionale di teleamministrazione pubblica, in "L'informatica giuridica e il Ced della Corte di Cassazione", proceedings of the conference held at Univ. of Rome "La Sapienza", 27-29 Nov. 1991, Milan 1992, p. 87 ss. — La teleamministrazione: una "scommessa" per il futuro del Paese, presentation at the 5th International Congress at the Court of Cassation on "IT and Legal Activity" Rome, 3–7 May 1993, I.P.Z.S. - Libreria dello Stato, 1994, II, p. 381 ss. — Amministrazione digitale, Item under the Enciclopedia del diritto, Annali, I, Milan 2007, p. 13-49 — L'amministrazione digitale. Il diritto amministrativo nell'evoluzione telematica, Giuffrè 2008. *Flora, F., Evoluzione della informatica nel sistema di governo degli Stati Uniti d'America. Dissertation, Cagliari, Dept. Of Political Science, November 1996. *Gagliotti, A., Teleamministrazione e concorsi pubblici, in Giustizia amministrativa n. 3/2003, http://www.giustamm.it/ago1/articoli/gaglioti_teleamministrazione.htm#_ednref5 *Gardner, Un nuovo tipo di cifrario che richiederebbe milioni di anni per essere decifrato, in Le Scienze, December 1977, 126 ss. *Masucci, Informatica pubblica, in Dizionario di diritto pubblico directed by S. Cassese, IV, Milan, 2006, 3115 ss.; *Notarmuzi, Il codice dell'amministrazione digitale, in Astrid Rassegna, www.astrid-online.it, 2006, n. 12; Id., Il procedimento amministrativo informatico, ivi, n. 16; *Osnaghi, Firme elettroniche e documento informatico: il codice richiede ulteriori integrazioni, ivi, n. 10; *Rabbito. c., L'informatica al servizio della pubblica amministrazione. Dai principi della teleamministrazione ai piani di e-government, Gedit, 2007. *Rivest, Shamir e Adleman, A method for obtaining digital signature and public key cryptosystems, in Communications of the ACM, vol. 21, February 1978, 120–126 *The telematic procedures in the European Union. Introducing a draft Directive, ricerca coordinata da Duni, g., in CNR ITTIG Informatica e diritto, Vol. XXI, 2012, N. 2, pp. 113–129 and in www.teleamministrazione.it. *Applicazioni della multimedialità nella P.A.: teleamministrazione e telelavoro", in Funzione Pubblica, special issue "I convegni di FORUM P.A. '96", volume I, p. 105. E-government Administrative law Public-key cryptography Electronic documents Public administration