Theodore Roosevelt Malloch (born September 22, 1952) is an American author, consultant, and television producer. He was a professor at the
Henley Business School
Henley Business School is a business school which is affiliated with the University of Reading. It was formed by merging the previously independent Henley Management College (formerly the Administrative Staff College) with the existing business ...
of the
University of Reading
The University of Reading is a public research university in Reading, Berkshire, England. It was founded in 1892 as the University Extension College, Reading, an extension college of Christchurch College, Oxford, and became University College, ...
,
England
England is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is located on the island of Great Britain, of which it covers about 62%, and List of islands of England, more than 100 smaller adjacent islands. It ...
.
He is
chairman
The chair, also chairman, chairwoman, or chairperson, is the presiding officer of an organized group such as a board, committee, or deliberative assembly. The person holding the office, who is typically elected or appointed by members of the gro ...
and
chief executive officer
A chief executive officer (CEO), also known as a chief executive or managing director, is the top-ranking corporate officer charged with the management of an organization, usually a company or a nonprofit organization.
CEOs find roles in variou ...
of the family firm Global Fiduciary Governance and served as chairman and CEO of The Roosevelt Group. He is the author of several books, including ''Doing Virtuous Business''.
In February 2017 Malloch was reported to be a candidate for
ambassadorship to the EU.
This prompted unusually strong disapproval from EU politicians.
That same month, the ''
Financial Times
The ''Financial Times'' (''FT'') is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and also published digitally that focuses on business and economic Current affairs (news format), current affairs. Based in London, the paper is owned by a Jap ...
'' reported that he had made a number of false statements in his autobiography.
Early life and education
Malloch was born at
Temple University Hospital
Temple University Hospital (TUH) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is an academic
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of tertiary education. The name traces back to Plato's school of ...
in
Philadelphia
Philadelphia ( ), colloquially referred to as Philly, is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania, most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the List of United States cities by population, sixth-most populous city in the Unit ...
,
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a U.S. state, state spanning the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern United States, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes region, Great Lakes regions o ...
, on September 22, 1952, and grew up in
Rittenhouse Square
Rittenhouse Square is a public park in Center City Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that is the center of the eponymous Rittenhouse neighborhood. The square is one of the five original open-space parks planned by William Penn and his surveyor Thomas ...
,
Olney and
Main Line.
Malloch earned an M.Litt. degree from the
University of Aberdeen
The University of Aberdeen (abbreviated ''Aberd.'' in List of post-nominal letters (United Kingdom), post-nominals; ) is a public university, public research university in Aberdeen, Scotland. It was founded in 1495 when William Elphinstone, Bis ...
and a BA from
Gordon College.
[ (remark: as of May 24 2017, the page is unavailable)] He earned his Ph.D. in
International Political Economy
International political economy (IPE) is the study of how politics shapes the global economy and how the global economy shapes politics. A key focus in IPE is on the power of different actors such as nation states, international organizations and ...
from the
University of Toronto
The University of Toronto (UToronto or U of T) is a public university, public research university whose main campus is located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park (Toronto), Queen's Park in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was founded by ...
in 1980.
Career
Malloch was an Assistant Professor of Political Science at
Gordon College in
Wenham, Massachusetts
Wenham () is a New England town, town in Essex County, Massachusetts, Essex County, Massachusetts. The population was 4,979 at the time of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census.
The town of Wenham was settled in 1635 and incorporated in 164 ...
.
He was a Professor of Strategic Leadership and Governance at
Henley Business School
Henley Business School is a business school which is affiliated with the University of Reading. It was formed by merging the previously independent Henley Management College (formerly the Administrative Staff College) with the existing business ...
,
University of Reading
The University of Reading is a public research university in Reading, Berkshire, England. It was founded in 1892 as the University Extension College, Reading, an extension college of Christchurch College, Oxford, and became University College, ...
.
He was a Senior Fellow of the
Aspen Institute
The Aspen Institute is an international nonprofit organization founded in 1949 as the Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., but also has a campus in Aspen, Colorado, its original home.
Its stated miss ...
and President of the CNN World Economic Development Congress.
He served in the
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is the Earth, global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the Charter of the United Nations, UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the stated purpose of maintaining international peace and internationa ...
at the
UNECE
The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE or UNECE) is an intergovernmental organization or a specialized body of the United Nations. The UNECE is one of five regional commissions under the jurisdiction of the United Nations Econ ...
in
Geneva
Geneva ( , ; ) ; ; . is the List of cities in Switzerland, second-most populous city in Switzerland and the most populous in French-speaking Romandy. Situated in the southwest of the country, where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the ca ...
,
Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...
, from 1988 to 1992.
Malloch served on the executive board of the
World Economic Forum
The World Economic Forum (WEF) is an international non-governmental organization, international advocacy non-governmental organization and think tank, based in Cologny, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. It was founded on 24 January 1971 by German ...
and consulted at
Wharton-Chase Econometrics. He worked at
Salomon Brothers
Salomon Brothers, Inc., was an American multinational bulge bracket investment bank headquartered in New York City. It was one of the five List of investment banks, largest investment banking enterprises in the United States and a very profitabl ...
bank and in senior policy positions at the
United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
The United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations is a Standing committee (United States Congress), standing committee of the United States Senate, U.S. Senate charged with leading Foreign policy of the United States, foreign-policy legi ...
and in the
U.S. State Department
The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs ...
.
He was co-director of the Academy of Business in Society ''Practical Wisdom'' program, on spiritual traditions and management.
He was a research scholar for the Spiritual Capital Initiative at
Yale University
Yale University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701, Yale is the List of Colonial Colleges, third-oldest institution of higher education in the United Stat ...
and also worked in management practice at
Saïd Business School
Saïd Business School (Oxford Saïd or SBS) is the business school of the University of Oxford. The school is a provider of management education.
Business and management classes started at Oxford in 1965 when the Centre of Management Studies, ...
,
University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is a collegiate university, collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the List of oldest un ...
.
He has served on a Pew Charitable Trust board, and the
Templeton Foundation
The John Templeton Foundation (Templeton Foundation) is a philanthropic organization founded by John Templeton in 1987. Templeton became wealthy as a contrarian investor, and wanted to support progress in religious and spiritual knowledge, espec ...
. He has also served as an adviser to The
Hudson Institute
Hudson Institute is an American Conservatism in the United States, conservative think tank based in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1961 in Croton-on-Hudson, New York, by futurist Herman Kahn and his colleagues at the RAND Corporation.
Kahn ...
,
American Foreign Policy Council
The American Foreign Policy Council (AFPC) is a non-partisan, non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States. Founded in 1982 and based in Washington, D.C., its foreign and d ...
, Institute of Economic Analysis, and the
Social Affairs Unit
The Social Affairs Unit was a right-leaning think tank in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1980 as an offshoot of the Institute of Economic Affairs, it published books on a variety of social issues. Its website notes that "many SAU supporters are in ...
and the
Institute of Economic Affairs
The Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) is a British right-wing free market think tank, which is registered as a charity. Associated with the New Right, the IEA describes itself as an "educational research institute", and says that it seeks to ...
.
On 16 November 2016 Malloch was interviewed by Evan Davis on the
BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current sta ...
's ''
Newsnight
''Newsnight'' is the BBC's news and current affairs programme, providing in-depth investigation and analysis of the stories behind the day's headlines. It is broadcast weeknights at 10:30 on BBC Two and the BBC News channel; it is also avail ...
'' program in connection with the reported likelihood of his being appointed by then US President-Elect
Donald Trump
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who is the 47th president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he served as the 45 ...
to an unspecified role. Malloch stated that he had been extensively consulted by Trump throughout the Presidential election campaign.
Bloomberg
Bloomberg may refer to:
People
* Daniel J. Bloomberg (1905–1984), audio engineer
* Georgina Bloomberg (born 1983), professional equestrian
* Michael Bloomberg (born 1942), American businessman and founder of Bloomberg L.P.; politician a ...
reported that this position could be the
US Ambassador to the European Union, which caused strong reactions in the
European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it ...
. Malloch first met Trump in the 1980s in Palm Beach, Florida.
On 30 November 2016, Malloch was part of a live panel discussion titled "Trump: An American Tragedy?", part of the British series
Intelligence Squared
Intelligence Squared is a media company that organizes live debates and other cultural events around the world. It was founded in 2002 in London, where its head office is based, and has affiliates in the US, Australia, and Hong Kong. The debate ...
that aims to provoke debate and intelligent discussion.
At the video-recorded event, Malloch became irked by another panelist's assertion that then President-Elect "
Donald Trump
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who is the 47th president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he served as the 45 ...
lies on
Twitter
Twitter, officially known as X since 2023, is an American microblogging and social networking service. It is one of the world's largest social media platforms and one of the most-visited websites. Users can share short text messages, image ...
every day." Malloch took the position that former President
Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who was the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American president in American history. O ...
had lied every day on Twitter. Other panelists and the large audience disagreed with Malloch's statement: "I said we've had a president who's lied every day on Twitter for eight years." The moderator
Jonathan Freedland
Jonathan Saul Freedland (born 25 February 1967) is a British journalist who writes a weekly column for ''The Guardian'' and presents the BBC Radio 4 contemporary history series ''The Long View''.
He previously wrote for ''The Jewish Chronicle' ...
restated Malloch's position, asking for clarification, "You think Obama's lied every day?" Malloch's answer prompted dissent from others in attendance when he stated, "Absolutely. I know he's a great favourite in London.
..He came over here and tried to get people to vote against Brexit." Freedland's position, also repeated by other panelists, was, "That's not a lie. I mean, urging people to vote on Brexit one way may be unwise, but it wasn't untrue." Malloch sarcastically asked, "It wasn't untrue?" Explaining further, Freedland said, "He offered an opinion. I don't know how that could be untrue." Recognizing the position taken by Malloch, another panelist urged the moderator to "just move on
rom this fruitless argument"
In early February 2017, media reported that Malloch was a leading candidate for ambassadorship to the EU, which prompted unusually strong disapproval from EU politicians.
Asked why he wanted to become ambassador to the EU in an interview the month before, Malloch told
BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world. The department is the world's largest broad ...
: "I had in a previous career a diplomatic post where I helped bring down the Soviet Union. So maybe there's another union that needs a little taming."
Malloch was a vocal supporter of
UK withdrawal from the EU and has expressed his view that the
euro
The euro (currency symbol, symbol: euro sign, €; ISO 4217, currency code: EUR) is the official currency of 20 of the Member state of the European Union, member states of the European Union. This group of states is officially known as the ...
would collapse.
On Bloomberg TV Malloch stated that he hoped all EU members would hold referendums on whether to leave the bloc.
In an interview with Greek television, Malloch expressed his view that Greece will soon need to leave the euro. When asked about the future of the euro in the next decade, he remarked that his "sense is that the euro is in a real problem zone, there would be parity with the dollar and there could potentially—given political situations around Europe—even be a euro collapse."
Malloch has appeared several times as a guest in productions of the website
InfoWars. In the video "Davos Group Insider Exposes The Globalist Luciferian Agenda", he says:
CNN
Cable News Network (CNN) is a multinational news organization operating, most notably, a website and a TV channel headquartered in Atlanta. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable ne ...
reported in March 2018 that Malloch has written a forthcoming book alleging a "
deep state
Deep state is a term used for (real or imagined) potential, unauthorized and often secret networks of power operating independently of a State (polity), state's political leadership in pursuit of their own agendas and goals.
Although the term ori ...
" within the United States government fabricated the
Steele dossier
The Steele dossier, also known as the Trump–Russia dossier, is a controversial political opposition research report on the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign, 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump compiled by counterintelligen ...
to destroy Trump.
Controversy and allegations
In February 2017, the ''
Financial Times
The ''Financial Times'' (''FT'') is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and also published digitally that focuses on business and economic Current affairs (news format), current affairs. Based in London, the paper is owned by a Jap ...
'' reported that Ted Malloch embellished or falsified seven claims in his memoir ''Davos, Aspen & Yale: My Life Behind the Elite Curtain as a Global Sherpa''.
The alleged false claims include his documentary being Emmy-nominated, that he had written for ''
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
'' and ''
Washington Post
''The Washington Post'', locally known as ''The'' ''Post'' and, informally, ''WaPo'' or ''WP'', is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital. It is the most widely circulated newspaper in the Washington m ...
'', that he held a professorship at
Oxford University
The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the second-oldest continuously operating u ...
, and that he had completed his "doctoral programme" in less than three years.
In the book, Malloch claimed that he was "knighted in the
Sovereign Order of St John by the Queen,
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 19268 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II, her death in 2022. ...
herself".
The ''Financial Times'' claimed he was actually awarded a
medal of St. John which is not awarded in an investiture attended by the Queen, while Malloch later responded that he was inducted into the Sovereign Order of St John and has "a letter stating ... the award comes through The Queen".
Malloch had also claimed that The
Lord Lyon of Scotland awarded him as a
Laird
Laird () is a Scottish word for minor lord (or landlord) and is a designation that applies to an owner of a large, long-established Scotland, Scottish estate. In the traditional Scottish order of precedence, a laird ranked below a Baronage of ...
his coat of arms in 2006; however, the ''Financial Times'' quoted the Clerk of the Court of the Lord Lyon, as saying "Lord Lyon does not, nor could he, create a person a laird".
The ''Financial Times'' also obtained bankruptcy court records revealing that a US court had found that Malloch had overstated his assets on loan applications with the intent to deceive the banks into making multi-million dollar loans; the couple had claimed assets of £36.3 million when applying for the loans, but claimed they had just $152,000 at the time of their 2013 bankruptcy petition and were unable to repay $5.9 million in outstanding debt.
NBC News
NBC News is the news division of the American broadcast television network NBC. The division operates under NBCUniversal Media Group, a division of NBCUniversal, which is itself a subsidiary of Comcast. The news division's various operations r ...
reported on March 30, 2018, that Malloch, who had worked with the
Donald Trump presidential campaign, had been detained and questioned by the
FBI
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic Intelligence agency, intelligence and Security agency, security service of the United States and Federal law enforcement in the United States, its principal federal law enforcement ag ...
two days earlier as he arrived at Boston
Logan Airport
General Edward Lawrence Logan International Airport — also known as Boston Logan International Airport — is an international airport located mostly in East Boston and partially in Winthrop, Massachusetts, United States. Covering , it has ...
after a flight from London. He was served with a subpoena to appear for questioning by
Robert Mueller
Robert Swan Mueller III (; born August 7, 1944) is an American lawyer who served as the sixth director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 2001 to 2013.
A graduate of Princeton University and New York University, Mueller served a ...
's
Special Counsel investigators on April 13, and presented with a warrant to have his phone seized and searched. Malloch told NBC in an email that FBI agents asked him a variety of questions, including about Trump associate
Roger Stone
Roger Jason Stone (born Roger Joseph Stone Jr.; August 27, 1952) is an American Political consulting, political consultant and lobbyist. He is Donald Trump's longest-serving political adviser, best known for the Mueller special counsel investi ...
, author
Jerome Corsi
Jerome Robert Corsi (born August 31, 1946) is an American conspiracy theorist and author. His two ''New York Times'' best-selling books, '' Unfit for Command'' (2004) and '' The Obama Nation'' (2008), attacked Democratic presidential candidate ...
, and
WikiLeaks
WikiLeaks () is a non-profit media organisation and publisher of leaked documents. It is funded by donations and media partnerships. It has published classified documents and other media provided by anonymous sources. It was founded in 2006 by ...
. During the FBI questioning, Malloch phoned Corsi.
Corsi was subpoenaed for questioning by Mueller's investigators in September 2018, and by November he was facing perjury charges. That month, a draft court filing showed Corsi and Stone had exchanged emails in summer 2016 indicating their knowledge of impending email "dumps" by WikiLeaks. In one email, Stone directed Corsi to contact Assange, which Corsi told investigators he had ignored, although investigators found he had passed the directive to an associate in London, whom Corsi later identified as Malloch.
In March 2018, Malloch denied ever visiting the
Ecuadorian Embassy in London
The Embassy of Ecuador in London is the diplomatic mission of Ecuador in the United Kingdom. It is headed by the ambassador of Ecuador to the United Kingdom. It is located in the Knightsbridge area of London, in the Royal Borough of Kensington an ...
where
Julian Assange
Julian Paul Assange ( ; Hawkins; born 3 July 1971) is an Australian editor, publisher, and activist who founded WikiLeaks in 2006. He came to international attention in 2010 after WikiLeaks published a series of News leak, leaks from Chels ...
was residing and denied knowing about any
WikiLeaks
WikiLeaks () is a non-profit media organisation and publisher of leaked documents. It is funded by donations and media partnerships. It has published classified documents and other media provided by anonymous sources. It was founded in 2006 by ...
material related to the
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
The Russian government conducted Foreign electoral intervention, foreign electoral interference in the 2016 United States elections with the goals of sabotaging the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign, presidential campaign of Hillar ...
.
[
Malloch asserted in his autobiography that former British prime minister ]Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher (; 13 October 19258 April 2013), was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party (UK), Leader of th ...
called him a "genius" and a "global sherpa" in a 1992 address. The ''Financial Times
The ''Financial Times'' (''FT'') is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and also published digitally that focuses on business and economic Current affairs (news format), current affairs. Based in London, the paper is owned by a Jap ...
'' reported that a video of the address does not show Thatcher making such comments. Malloch also claimed in his book that a PBS documentary he had produced “was nominated for an Emmy Award,” although the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences
The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS), also colloquially known as the Television Academy, is a professional honorary organization dedicated to the advancement of the Television in the United States, television industry in the United S ...
could not find a record of that.
Having worked in State Department and UN roles during the late 1980s and early 1990s, Malloch has asserted he “helped bring down the Soviet Union.” He stated that his position at the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE or UNECE) is an intergovernmental organization or a specialized body of the United Nations. The UNECE is one of five regional commissions under the jurisdiction of the United Nations Econom ...
was “ambassadorial-level,” although US and UN officials disputed that.
Published works
* ''Beyond Reductionism: Ideology and the Science of Politics'' (1982, Irvington Publishers; )
* ''Where Are We Now?: The State of Christian Political Reflection'' (1983, University Press of America
University Press of America (''UPA'') is the former name of an American Academic publishing, academic publishing company based in Lanham, Maryland, which became the parent company of Rowman & Littlefield publishing house, then was later re-intr ...
; )
* ''Issues in International Trade and Development Policy'' (1987, Praeger; )
* ''Unleashing the Power of Perpetual Learning'', with Donald Norris (1997, Society for College and University Planning; )
* ''Renewing American Culture: The Pursuit of Happiness (Conflicts and Trends in Business Ethics)'', with Scott Massey (2006, M & M Scrivener Press; )
* ''Being Generous'' (2009, Templeton Press; )
* ''Spiritual Enterprise: Doing Virtuous Business.'' (2008, Encounter Books
Encounter Books is a book publisher in the United States known for publishing conservative authors. It was named for '' Encounter'', the now defunct literary magazine founded by Irving Kristol and Stephen Spender. Based in New York City since 20 ...
; )
* ''Thrift: Rebirth of a Forgotten Virtue'' (2009, Encounter Books; )
* ''Doing Virtuous Business: The Remarkable Success of Spiritual Enterprise'' (2011), Thomas Nelson;
* ''America’s Spiritual Capital'', with Nicholas Capaldi (2012, St. Augustine's Press; )
* ''The End of Ethics and a Way Back: How to Fix a Fundamentally Broken Global Financial System'', with Jordan Mamorsky (2013, Wiley
Wiley may refer to:
Locations
*Wiley, Colorado, a U.S. town
*Wiley, Georgia, an U.S. unincorporated community
* Wiley, Pleasants County, West Virginia, U.S.
* Wiley-Kaserne, a district of the city of Neu-Ulm, Germany
People
*Wiley (musician), ...
; )
* ''Practical Wisdom in Management: Business Across Spiritual Traditions'' (2015, Greenleaf / Academy of Business in Society; )
* ''Davos, Aspen & Yale: My Life Behind the Elite Curtain as a Global Sherpa'' (2016, WND Books
WND (formerly WorldNetDaily) is an American far-right news and opinion website. It is known for promoting fake news and conspiracy theories, including the false claim that former President Barack Obama was born outside the United States.
The ...
; )
* ''Hired: An Insider's Look at Trump's Victory'' (2017, WND Books; )
* ''The Plot to Destroy Trump: How the Deep State Fabricated the Russian Dossier to Subvert the President'' (2018, Skyhorse Publishing
Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. is an American independent book publishing company founded in 2006 and headquartered in New York City, with a satellite office in Brattleboro, Vermont.
History
The current president and publisher is founder Tony Ly ...
, )
See also
*
*
References
External links
*
Film based on Theodore Malloch's Spiritual Enterprise airs at Yale
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malloch, Ted
Living people
1952 births
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
University of Toronto alumni
American television producers
Yale University faculty
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
Gordon College (Massachusetts) alumni
American political writers
American business writers
Gordon College (Massachusetts) faculty
Academics of the University of Reading