Edward Bigelow Jolliffe (March 2, 1909 – March 18, 1998) was a Canadian
social democratic
Social democracy is a Social philosophy, social, Economic ideology, economic, and political philosophy within socialism that supports Democracy, political and economic democracy and a gradualist, reformist, and democratic approach toward achi ...
politician and lawyer from
Ontario
Ontario is the southernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Located in Central Canada, Ontario is the Population of Canada by province and territory, country's most populous province. As of the 2021 Canadian census, it ...
. He was the first leader of the Ontario section of the
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF; , FCC) was a federal democratic socialism, democratic socialistThe following sources describe the CCF as a democratic socialist political party:
*
*
*
*
*
* and social democracy, social-democ ...
(CCF) and leader of the
Official Opposition
Parliamentary opposition is a form of political opposition to a designated government, particularly in a Westminster-based parliamentary system. This article uses the term ''government'' as it is used in Parliamentary systems, i.e. meaning ''t ...
in the
Ontario Legislature
The Legislative Assembly of Ontario (OLA; ) is the legislative chamber of the Canadian province of Ontario. Its elected members are known as Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs). Bills passed by the Legislative Assembly are given royal as ...
during the 1940s and 1950s. He was a
Rhodes Scholar
The Rhodes Scholarship is an international Postgraduate education, postgraduate award for students to study at the University of Oxford in Oxford, United Kingdom. The scholarship is open to people from all backgrounds around the world.
Esta ...
in the mid-1930s, and came back to Canada to help the CCF, after his studies were complete and being called to the bar in England and Ontario. After politics, he practised labour law in Toronto and would eventually become a labour adjudicator. In retirement, he moved to
British Columbia
British Columbia is the westernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Situated in the Pacific Northwest between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains, the province has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that ...
, where he died in 1998.
Early life and education
His family had lived in Ontario for generations.
[
] His parents, the Reverend Charles and Gertrude Jolliffe, were
missionaries
A missionary is a member of a religious group who is sent into an area in order to promote its faith or provide services to people, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.Thomas Hale 'On Being a Miss ...
for the
Methodist Church of Canada
The Methodist Church was the major Methodist denomination in Canada from its founding in 1884 until it merged with two other denominations to form the United Church of Canada in 1925. The Methodist Church was itself formed from the merger of fou ...
, and were living near what was then known as
Luchow,
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
.
Edward Bigelow Jolliffe was born at the Canadian Missionary hospital in Luchow, near
Chunking
Chunking may mean:
* Chunking (division), an approach for doing simple mathematical division sums, by repeated subtraction
* Chunking (computational linguistics), a method for parsing natural language sentences into partial syntactic structures
* ...
on March 2, 1909.
[
] He was home-schooled in China by his mother until his early teens.
When his family returned to Ontario, he attend Rockwood Public School and then went to high school at Guelph Collegiate Institute.
He was an undergraduate at the
University of Toronto
The University of Toronto (UToronto or U of T) is a public university, public research university whose main campus is located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park (Toronto), Queen's Park in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was founded by ...
's
Victoria College, the United Church College.
He became the head of the Victoria Student Council, and was a member of the Hart House Debates Committee.
In 1930, he won the Maurice Cody scholarship, and then became one of Ontario's
Rhodes Scholars
The Rhodes Scholarship is an international postgraduate award for students to study at the University of Oxford in Oxford, United Kingdom. The scholarship is open to people from all backgrounds around the world.
Established in 1902, it is ...
that same year.
He attended
Christ Church,
Oxford University
The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the second-oldest continuously operating u ...
for three years.
As a member of Oxford's
Labour Club, he met
David Lewis, the club's leader and a fellow Canadian.
[Smith, p. 195] Together they fought the Communist Red October club and fascists such as
Lord Haw-Haw
Lord Haw-Haw was a nickname applied to William Joyce and several other people who broadcast Nazi propaganda to the United Kingdom from Germany during the Second World War. The broadcasts opened with "Germany calling, Germany calling," spoken i ...
–
William Joyce
William Brooke Joyce (24 April 1906 – 3 January 1946), nicknamed Lord Haw-Haw, was an American-born Fascism, fascist and Propaganda of Nazi Germany, Nazi propaganda broadcaster during the World War II, Second World War. After moving from ...
.
Both he and Lewis planned a 'silent' protest at Joyce's February 1934 speech at Oxford. They carefully made sure that enough members from the Labour Club attended the meeting, and then in groups of two or three, strategically walked out of the speech, across the creaking wooden floors, effectively blotting out Joyce's speech.
The
Blackshirts
The Voluntary Militia for National Security (, MVSN), commonly called the Blackshirts (, CCNN, singular: ) or (singular: ), was originally the paramilitary wing of the National Fascist Party, known as the Squadrismo, and after 1923 an all-vo ...
in the audience then caused riots in the street after the meeting and Jolliffe and Lewis were in the thick of it.
His Oxford experiences made him a
socialist
Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes ...
and he joined the
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF; , FCC) was a federal democratic socialism, democratic socialistThe following sources describe the CCF as a democratic socialist political party:
*
*
*
*
*
* and social democracy, social-democ ...
shortly after it was formed in 1932 during his summer vacation.
He helped form an overseas branch of the CCF at Oxford that year.
He was called to the bar in England, and was the first Canadian to win the Arden scholarship.
When Jolliffe permanently returned from Oxford, he worked as the CCF's Ontario organizer and was called to the bar in Ontario and practised law in Toronto from 1938 onwards.
He was a candidate in the
1935 Canadian election in the
Toronto
Toronto ( , locally pronounced or ) is the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, most populous city in Canada. It is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Ontario. With a p ...
riding of
St. Paul's, placing fourth. He ran again in the
1940 federal election, this time in the
York East
York East was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada at different times. It was located in the province of Ontario.
History
The first federal riding of York East was created by the British North America Act ...
electoral district. He was noted for calling out the former federal Conservative government for neglecting World War I soldiers on their return home, and that this time, "proper measures be taken to protect the future of Canadian soldiers and their dependents."
He countered that a C.C.F. government would stop war profiteering and the protect the interests of the country's soldiers and "small taxpayers."
He was soundly defeated, like every other Ontario CCF candidate, placing a distant third.
Leader and 1943 election
Jolliffe became the first political leader of the Ontario CCF on April 3, 1942, at the party's annual convention.
[
] The
1943 Ontario general election
The 1943 Ontario general election was held on August 4, 1943, to elect the 90 Members of the 21st Legislative Assembly of Ontario (Members of Provincial Parliament, or "MPPs") of the Province of Ontario.
Background
Because of the outbreak of wa ...
proved to be a peak period for him and the party as he led the CCF to within five seats of victory with 34 seats and 32% of the vote.
[
] That election brought in a new Conservative
minority government
A minority government, minority cabinet, minority administration, or a minority parliament is a government and cabinet formed in a parliamentary system when a political party or coalition of parties does not have a majority of overall seats in ...
under
George Drew.
[
] After the election, the Conservatives began an over 40-year-dynasty governing Ontario.
Jolliffe won the
York South
York South was an electoral district (or "riding") in Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1904 to 1979.
The riding is notable for the 1942 federal by-election in which newly elected Conservative leader ...
seat, and became its
Member of Provincial Parliament Member of Provincial Parliament is the title given to provincial legislators in two legislatures:
* Member of Provincial Parliament (Canada)
* Member of Provincial Parliament (Western Cape) In the Western Cape province of South Africa, Member of Pro ...
(MPP) as well as the new leader of the
Official Opposition
Parliamentary opposition is a form of political opposition to a designated government, particularly in a Westminster-based parliamentary system. This article uses the term ''government'' as it is used in Parliamentary systems, i.e. meaning ''t ...
.
[
]
1945 "Gestapo" campaign
In the
1945 Ontario election, Drew ran an
anti-Semitic
Antisemitism or Jew-hatred is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who harbours it is called an antisemite. Whether antisemitism is considered a form of racism depends on the school of thought. Antisemi ...
, union bashing,
Red-baiting
Red-baiting, also known as ''reductio ad Stalinum'' () and red-tagging ( in the Philippines), is an intention to discredit the validity of a political opponent and the opponent's logical argument by accusing, denouncing, attacking, or persecuting ...
campaign.
[MacDonald, p.291-297] The previous two years of anti-socialist attacks by the Conservatives and their supporters, like Gladstone Murray and Montague A. Sanderson, were devastatingly effective against the previously popular CCF. Much of the source material for the anti-CCF campaign came from the
Ontario Provincial Police
The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) is the State police, provincial police service of Ontario, Canada. The OPP patrols Provincial highways in Ontario, provincial highways and waterways; protects Government of Ontario, provincial government buil ...
(OPP)'s Special Investigation Branch's agent D-208: Captain William J. Osbourne-Dempster. His office was supposed to be investigating war-time
5th column
A fifth column is a group of people who undermine a larger group or nation from within, usually in favor of an enemy group or another nation. The activities of a fifth column can be overt or clandestine. Forces gathered in secret can mobilize ...
saboteurs. Instead, starting in November 1943, he was investigating, almost exclusively, Ontario opposition MPPs, mainly focusing on the CCF
caucus
A caucus is a group or meeting of supporters or members of a specific political party or movement. The exact definition varies between different countries and political cultures.
The term originated in the United States, where it can refer to ...
. The fact that Jolliffe knew about these 'secret' investigations as early as February 1944 led to one of the most infamous incidents in 20th-century Canadian politics.
[Caplan, p. 168]
May 24, 1945 radio speech
As can be discerned from the previous description, the 1945 campaign was anything but genteel and polite. Jolliffe replied by giving a radio speech—written with the assistance of
Lister Sinclair
Lister Sheddon Sinclair, OC (January 9, 1921 – October 16, 2006) was a Canadian broadcaster, playwright and polymath.
Early life
Sinclair was born in Bombay, India, to Scottish parents. His father, William Sheddon Sinclair, was a chemical engi ...
—
[Caplan, p.179] that accused Drew of running a political
Gestapo
The (, ), Syllabic abbreviation, abbreviated Gestapo (), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of F ...
in Ontario.
In the speech excerpt below, Jolliffe alleged that a secret department of the
Ontario Provincial Police
The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) is the State police, provincial police service of Ontario, Canada. The OPP patrols Provincial highways in Ontario, provincial highways and waterways; protects Government of Ontario, provincial government buil ...
was acting as a political police – spying on the opposition and the media.
The dramatic tone of the speech is Sinclair's, as at the time, he was a dramatist, mostly writing for the
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (), branded as CBC/Radio-Canada, is the Canadian Public broadcasting, public broadcaster for both radio and television. It is a Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster, with its E ...
(CBC).
At the time, there was speculation among CCF supporters as to whether or not the speech damaged the party's reputation. But as Gerald Caplan maintains in his book ''The Dilemma of Canadian Socialism'', the CCF was already at 21 percent in popular support in the Gallop poll just prior to the speech. On election day, they received 22 percent of the popular vote, so at best it added an extra percentage point of support. At worst, it didn't have an effect, which is highly unlikely.
Jolliffe's inflammatory speech became the main issue of the campaign, and dominated coverage in the media for the rest of the election.
[Caplan, 170] Drew, and his
Attorney-General
In most common law jurisdictions, the attorney general (: attorneys general) or attorney-general (AG or Atty.-Gen) is the main legal advisor to the government. In some jurisdictions, attorneys general also have executive responsibility for law enf ...
Leslie Blackwell vehemently denied Jolliffe's accusations, but the public outcry was too much for them to abate. On May 28, 1945, they appointed a Royal Commission to investigate these charges.
[
] Jolliffe's CCF and the Ontario Liberal party wanted the election suspended until the Commission tabled its report.
[
] Drew ignored these requests and continued to hold the election on its original date, despite it being many months before the Commission's findings could be made available.
Election Day, June 4, 1945
Jolliffe's CCF went from 34 seats to 8, but almost garnering the same number of actual votes cast, though their percentage of the popular vote dropped from 32 to 22 percent.
[Caplan, p. 191] Drew, with his attack campaign, successfully drove the voter turn-out up, thereby driving the CCF's percentage and seat totals down.
Monday, June 4, 1945, was one of Ontario's most important elections in the 20th century according to Caplan and
David Lewis. It shaped the province for the next 40 years, as the
Conservatives
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilizati ...
won a massive majority in the Legislature, and would remain in government for the next 40 consecutive years.
After going from 34 seats to 8, as Caplan puts it, "June 4 and June 11
ederal election 1945, proved to be black days in CCF annuals: Socialism was effectively removed from the Canadian political agenda." The CCF would never fully recover from this defeat and would eventually cease as a party and morph into the
Ontario New Democratic Party
The Ontario New Democratic Party (NDP; , NPD) is a social democratic political party in Ontario, Canada. The party sits on the centre-left of the political spectrum. It is Ontario’s provincial section of the federal New Democratic Party. The ...
. Only then, and in the 1970s, did a social democratic party attain the popularity it had under Jolliffe in 1943.
For Ted Jolliffe, another election consequence was his tenure as the MPP from York South ended, at least for the time being. He lost the election but did better than any other CCF candidate in Toronto or in the outlying Yorks.
LeBel Royal Commission
Drew appointed Justice A.M. LeBel as the
Royal Commissioner
A royal commission is a major ad-hoc formal public inquiry into a defined issue in some monarchies. They have been held in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Malaysia, Mauritius and Saudi Arabia. In republics an equiv ...
. His terms of reference were restricted to the question of whether Drew was personally responsible for the establishment of "a secret political police organization, for the purpose of collecting, by secret spying, material to be used in attempt to keep him in power." Wider questions like why the OPP, Ontario Civil Servants, were keeping files on MPPs were not allowed.
Jolliffe would act as his own counsel throughout the commission, but was assisted by fellow CCF lawyer,
Andrew Brewin
Francis Andrew Brewin (1907–1983) was a lawyer and Canadian politician and Member of Parliament. He was the grandson of Andrew George Blair a Liberal cabinet minister who was also the Premier of New Brunswick. His son John Brewin also served i ...
. Both he and Brewin were able to establish, from several eyewitnesses, that agent D-208, Dempster, was spying on the CCF. What they could not prove, because they did not have access to the information in 1945, were the letters that Drew wrote to his supporter M.A. (Bugsy) Sanderson suggesting that he would finance any lawsuits or other charges stemming from the information provided by Dempster in his advertisements. Sanderson was, in late 1943 to 1945, along with Gladstone Murray, leading the libelous advertisement campaigns against the CCF in newspapers and bill-boards, with information gleaned from Dempster's briefings.
[Caplan,pp.172-188] Jolliffe presented several witnesses that claimed to have seen these documents. But Jolliffe could not produce the actual letter, and Drew would deny ever writing it.
On October 11, 1945, Justice LeBel issued his report that essentially exonerated Drew and Blackwell.
[
] Due to Jolliffe presenting only circumstantial evidence that linked Drew to Dempster, Murray and Sanderson, the Commissioner found the information unconvincing, even though LeBel believed Dempster's interaction with Sanderson and Murray was inappropriate.
Jolliffe's motives regarding his accusations, as well as his choice of words, would be questioned for many years afterwards. That would change. In the late 1970s, when
David Lewis was doing research for his ''Memoirs'' he came across archival evidence proving the charge. Due to Lewis's discovery, Drew's son Edward, placed extremely restrictive conditions on his father's papers housed in the
Public Archives of Canada that partially continue as of 2025.
As Lewis pointed out in his memoirs, "We found that Premier Drew and Gladstone Murray did not disclose all information to the Lebel Commission; indeed, they deliberately prevaricated throughout. The head of the
Government of Ontario
The Government of Ontario () is the body responsible for the administration of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Ontario. The term ''Government of Ontario'' refers specifically to the executive—political Minister ...
had given false witness under testimony.... The perpetrator of Ontario's
Watergate
The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal in the United States involving the administration of President Richard Nixon. The scandal began in 1972 and ultimately led to Nixon's resignation in 1974, in August of that year. It revol ...
got away with it."
1946 Hamilton convention
In 1946, there was major labour strife in Ontario, and the CCF made it clear they were on the side of the unionists.
[
] The party's annual convention was held outside of Toronto for the first time.
[
] The convention was held at the Royal Connaught Hotel in
Hamilton, Ontario
Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Ontario. Hamilton has a 2021 Canadian census, population of 569,353 (2021), and its Census Metropolitan Area, census metropolitan area, which encompasses ...
from December 9 to 11, 1946, in the city where the
United Steelworkers of America
The United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union, commonly known as the United Steelworkers (USW), is a general trade union with members across North America. Headqua ...
(USWA) went through a long protracted strike about reducing the work-week to 40 hours.
[
] Jolliffe faced a leadership challenge at this convention from former Toronto
Control
Control may refer to:
Basic meanings Economics and business
* Control (management), an element of management
* Control, an element of management accounting
* Comptroller (or controller), a senior financial officer in an organization
* Controlling ...
ler
Lewis Duncan.
There were rumblings in 1945 that Duncan would take over from Jolliffe, but that was rumoured to be only if he were able to defeat Drew in the High Park constituency, which he failed to do.
[
] As party chairman John Mitchell stated at the time, it wasn't even close, as Jolliffe was easily re-elected CCF leader again for the fourth time.
[
]
1948 re-elected MPP
By April 1948, the CCF were attempting to alter their public image in anticipation of the upcoming election. As a result of the
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of global Geopolitics, geopolitical rivalry between the United States (US) and the Soviet Union (USSR) and their respective allies, the capitalist Western Bloc and communist Eastern Bloc, which lasted from 1947 unt ...
and the "
red scare
A Red Scare is a form of moral panic provoked by fear of the rise of left-wing ideologies in a society, especially communism and socialism. Historically, red scares have led to mass political persecution, scapegoating, and the ousting of thos ...
", the party and labour movement acted to purge individuals — including MPP
Robert Carlin — suspected of being under
Communist
Communism () is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, di ...
influence.
[
][
] As a consequence of the
1948 Ontario general election
The 1948 Ontario general election was held on June 7, 1948, to elect the 90 members of the 23rd Legislative Assembly of Ontario (Members of Provincial Parliament, or "MPPs") of the Province of Ontario.
The Ontario Progressive Conservative Par ...
, the CCF experienced a resurgence, initially securing 22 seats.
[
] The Conservatives lost most of their Toronto-area seats and even premier Drew lost his
High Park seat.
[
] Consequently, Jolliffe assumed the position of Leader of the Opposition in Ontario and once again became the MPP for York South.
[
]
However, the CCF’s fortunes soon experienced a decline. Public support for socialism waned, resulting in the CCF’s reduction to a mere two seats in the
1951 Ontario general election
The 1951 Ontario general election was held on November 22, 1951, to elect the 90 members of the 24th Legislative Assembly of Ontario (Members of Provincial Parliament, or "MPPs") of the Province of Ontario.
Background
Because of Canada's partic ...
, with Jolliffe once again losing his seat.
[
] On August 17, 1953, he resigned as party leader in order to prioritize his legal practice.
[
] A few months later, a leadership convention was held to replace him in Toronto on November 20 and 21, 1953.
Donald C. MacDonald
Donald Cameron MacDonald (December 7, 1913 – March 8, 2008) was a Canadians, Canadian politician. Referred to in the media as the "best Premier of Ontario, premier Ontario never had," he represented the provincial riding of York South ( ...
was elected the new leader on the second ballot with Jolliffe, and
National CCF leader
M. J. Coldwell looking on.
[
]
Post MPP career
He returned to his previous career as a labour lawyer, a founding partner in the firm Jolliffe, Lewis and Osler with fellow CCF activist and future
New Democratic Party
The New Democratic Party (NDP; , ) is a federal political party in Canada. Widely described as social democratic,The party is widely described as social democratic:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* The Editors of ''Encyclopædia Britann ...
leader,
David Lewis in 1945.
[
] In the 1950s and 1960s, the firm assisted the
United Steelworkers
The United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union, commonly known as the United Steelworkers (USW), is a general trade union with members across North America. Headqua ...
union in their fight with the
Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers union in
Sudbury Sudbury may refer to:
Places Australia
* Sudbury Reef, Queensland
Canada
* Greater Sudbury, Ontario
** Sudbury (federal electoral district)
** Sudbury (provincial electoral district)
** Sudbury Airport
** Sudbury Basin, a meteorite impact cra ...
,
Ontario
Ontario is the southernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Located in Central Canada, Ontario is the Population of Canada by province and territory, country's most populous province. As of the 2021 Canadian census, it ...
. In 1968, he was appointed Chief Adjudicator under the federal Public Service Staff Relations Act, a position he held until 1978.
He then became active as a labour arbitrator until his retirement. In 1972, an historical novel he wrote, entitled ''The First Hundred: A Novel'', was published by
McClelland & Stewart
McClelland & Stewart Limited is a Canadian publishing company. It is owned by Random House of Canada, Penguin Random House of Canada, a branch of Penguin Random House, the international book publishing division of German media giant Bertelsmann.
...
Limited.
[
]
Ted Jolliffe was the first
social democratic
Social democracy is a Social philosophy, social, Economic ideology, economic, and political philosophy within socialism that supports Democracy, political and economic democracy and a gradualist, reformist, and democratic approach toward achi ...
leader of the opposition in Ontario's
Legislature
A legislature (, ) is a deliberative assembly with the legal authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation or city on behalf of the people therein. They are often contrasted with the executive and judicial power ...
in 1943. He lived long enough to see
Bob Rae
Robert Keith Rae (born August 2, 1948) is a Canadian diplomat and former politician who is the current Canadian Ambassador to the United Nations since 2020. He previously served as the 21st premier of Ontario from 1990 to 1995, leader of the ...
and the
NDP
NDP may stand for:
Computing
* Neighbor Discovery Protocol, an Internet protocol
* Nortel Discovery Protocol, a layer two Internet protocol, also called SONMP
* Nondeterministic programming, a type of computer language
Government
* National Dev ...
form the Ontario government in
September 1990.
He died on March 18, 1998, in
Salt Spring Island
Salt Spring Island or Saltspring Island is one of the Gulf Islands in the Strait of Georgia between mainland British Columbia, Canada, and Vancouver Island.
The island was initially inhabited by various Salishan peoples before being settled ...
,
British Columbia
British Columbia is the westernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Situated in the Pacific Northwest between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains, the province has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that ...
.
Electoral record
Notes
References
Sources
*
*
*
*
*
*
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jolliffe, Ted
1909 births
1998 deaths
Canadian socialists
Ontario Co-operative Commonwealth Federation MPPs
20th-century members of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario
Leaders of the Ontario Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
University of Toronto alumni
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Canadian Rhodes Scholars
Members of the United Church of Canada
Ontario candidates for Member of Parliament
Candidates in the 1940 Canadian federal election
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation candidates for the Canadian House of Commons