There are various patterns of technological alliancesPatterns of Internationalization (Alliances and joint ventures), UNIDO, Vienna, 2008 ISBN 978-92--1-106443-8 from R&D enterprises to associations formed with the main purpose of sub-contracted manufacture or supply-chain management. The purpose here is to consider those forms of association devoted to the core of technology and to expand upon concepts touched upon in

royalties A royalty payment is a payment made by one party to another that owns a particular asset, for the right to ongoing use of that asset. Royalties are typically agreed upon as a percentage of gross or net revenues derived from the use of an asset or ...

. While the three principal forms of association are (a)franchising (b) joint-ventures and (c) strategic partnerships, there are a variety of formal forms of association pertaining to the technological core. They are, in no intentional order: :*

cross-licensing A cross-licensing agreement is a contract between two or more parties where each party grants rights to their intellectual property to the other parties. Patent law In patent law, a cross-licensing agreement is an agreement according to which two ...

deals :*modern equivalents of

keiretsu A is a set of companies with interlocking business relationships and shareholdings that dominated the Japanese economy in the second half of the 20th century. In the legal sense, it is a type of business group that is in a loosely organized al ...

zaibatsu is a Japanese language, Japanese term referring to industrial and financial vertical integration, vertically integrated business conglomerate (company), conglomerates in the Empire of Japan, whose influence and size allowed control over signifi ...

and

chaebol A chaebol ( , ; , ) is a large industrial South Korean conglomerate run and controlled by an individual or family. A chaebol often consists of multiple diversified affiliates, controlled by a person or group. Several dozen large South Kore ...

arrangements :* turnkey contracts :*engineering contracts :*technical assistance contracts :*technical service contracts :* management contracts :* contract of sale :*

Venture Capital Venture capital (VC) is a form of private equity financing provided by firms or funds to start-up company, startup, early-stage, and emerging companies, that have been deemed to have high growth potential or that have demonstrated high growth in ...

Agreements :* Build-Operate-Transfer contracts :*parent-

subsidiary A subsidiary, subsidiary company, or daughter company is a company (law), company completely or partially owned or controlled by another company, called the parent company or holding company, which has legal and financial control over the subsidia ...

Agreements :* Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) :* conglomerates; inter alia agreements :*

Private equity Private equity (PE) is stock in a private company that does not offer stock to the general public; instead it is offered to specialized investment funds and limited partnerships that take an active role in the management and structuring of the co ...

Firm Agreements and Partnerships

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Technological Alliance Patent law