Tchoiria Skeleton

''Tchoiria'' ('')'' is a genus of neochoristoderan reptile from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. The name ''Tchoiria'' comes from the city of Choir which is nearby to where the holotype was found. ''Tchoiria'' is thought to have a similar diet to another neochoristoderan reptile, ''Champsosaurus'', due to morphology of the skull. It would hunt in freshwater environments, like the living gharials, where it would prey on many different types of fish and turtles.

History of research

''Tchoiria'' remains were first recovered as a part of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Expeditions which took place in the Gobi Desert. They were described by Mikhail B. Efimov in 1975; basing his description on a partial cranium and some parts of the postaxial skeleton found at the Hühteeg Formation. He would make the type species ''T. namsari''. Efimov would name two other ''Tchoiria'' species in the latter 20th century, ''T. magnus'' in 1979 and ''T. egloni'' in 1983. Both taxa were based on postcranial fossils that were also found in the Hühteeg Formation. These would later be redescribed as new members of Neochoristodera by Efimov. The second valid species of ''Tchoiria'' would be named in 2005 by Danial T. Ksepka. ''T. klauseni'' would be based on a partial skull and some postcranial material found at the Two Volcanoes locality of southern Mongolia. Efimov would place ''Tchoiria'' in the order Choristodera in his original description. Later it would also be placed in suborder Neochoristodera in 2007 by Ryoko Matsumoto. Matsumoto would declare the suborder monophyletic in his paper on the choristodere ''Monjurosuchus''. ''Tchoiria'' was the first choristodere known from Asia and has been used in many morphological and environmental studies based on the order since its original description.

There has been a total of four species of ''Tchoiria'' named, but as of 2023, only two are considered valid. ''T. magnus'' was moved to the genus ''Ikechosaurus'' in 1981 and ''T. egloni'' was moved to the new genus '' Irenosaurus'' in 1988. These two taxa were moved due to morphological differences when compared to the ''T. namsari''.

Description

Skull

The skull of ''Tchoiria'' is similar to other neochoristoderes in having a flared postorbital region, an elongated and narrow snout, and having small orbits. The skull is also very flattened like other members of Neochoristodera. The nasals have also fused into a single element. The teeth of ''Tchoiria'' are conical in shape and decrease in size further back in the skull. They also curve medially and have vertical, parallel lines. The orbits have a raised rim surrounding them and are very rough in texture. Like other diapsid reptiles, ''Tchoiria'' has two temporal fenestrae behind the orbit. The snout is shorter than the ''Champsosaurus'' but still longer than other choristoderes. Other skull traits include a shortened lower jaw symphysis, a broader and shorter rostrum, and the posterior displacement of mandibular articulation.

''T. namsari'' is the type species and is known from the Hühteeg Formation of Mongolia. The other species, ''T. klauseni'' is known from the Two Volcanoes locality of southern Mongolia. ''T. klauseni'' was separated from ''T. namsari'' by the number of teeth in both the maxilla and the dentary. ''T. namsari'' is known to have more teeth, 60 in the maxilla and 17 in the symphyseal portion of the dentary, while ''T. klausnei'' has a smaller number of them, 34 in the maxilla and 12 in the symphyseal portion of the dentary.

Postcranial skeleton

A complete set of vertebrae for ''Tchoiria'' have not been fully preserved but specimens of each section have been described. The vertebrae have amphiplatyan-style centrum and a closed notochordal canal. The dorsal vertebrae have small processes below their respective postzygapophyses. These are similar to the processes seen in both '' Simeodosaurus'' and ''Ikechosaurus.'' The caudal vertebrae have the unique trait of having a deep groove bordered by ventral flanges; a trait seen in choristoderes but not usually in neochoristoderes. The caudal vertebrae also have unfused hemal arches. ''Tchoiria'' had similar gastralia to other members of its suborber. The limbs of ''Tchoiria'' are very fragmentary. Parts of the shoulder girdle are preserved and shows that they would be long and narrow. Besides a single femur, the rest of the hindlimbs are unknown.

Classification

''Tchoiria'' has been placed in Neochoristodera, which is a clade within Choristodera. The group first appeared in the Early Cretaceous of Asia and were successful due to the absence of crocodiles. Later in the Cretaceous and the early Paleocene, neochoristoderans needed to become more specialized because of their shared ecosystem with a wide range of crocodiles.

The phylogenetic tree below comes from Dong et al. (2020) shows Neochoristodera and their relationship to other members of Choristodera.

Paleoenvironment

The Khuren Dukh Formation has been sampled as containing mostly mudstone layers. This does not change till the upper parts of the formation, transitioning to shale and claystone layers. This formation was first explored in the early 1970's as a part of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian expeditions and has been dated to Aptian in age by pollen and invertebrate fossils. The scant plant fossils found nearby shows the environment to be a staple of the Cretaceous; a temperate and plant-covered ecosystem.

''Tchoiria'' lived in a diverse ecosystem of other invertebrate and vertebrate taxa. The aquatic environment included but is not limited to mollusks, ostracods, bony fish, turtles, some crocodiles, and ''Tchoiria'' itself. The terrestrial environment matched many other in the Early Cretaceous. Many dinosaurs including ''Psittacosaurus'', ''Harpymimus'', and some unidentified theropods. They coexisted with some pterosaurs and small lizards. It would prey on fish and turtles mostly and would be hunted by a few crocodiles and theropod dinosaurs. ''Tchoiria'' would be a relatively uncommon animal in its ecosystem, but this could be due to a sampling bias with the locality.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q587956

Aquatic reptiles
Choristodera
Early Cretaceous reptiles of Asia
Paleontology in Mongolia
Prehistoric reptile genera