Taxila (satrapy)

Hindush ( ) was an administrative division of the Achaemenid Empire in modern-day Pakistan. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, it was the "easternmost province" governed by the Achaemenid dynasty. Established through the Persian conquest of the Indus Valley in the 6th century BCE, it is believed to have continued as a province for approximately two centuries, ending when it fell to the Macedonian Empire during the Indian campaign of Alexander the Great.

Etymology

Hindush was written in Persian inscriptions as (Old Persian cuneiform: , ). It is also transliterated as since the nasal "n" before consonants was omitted in the Old Persian script, and simplified as .Some sounds are omitted in the writing of Old Persian, and are shown with a raised lette
Old Persian p.164
https://archive.org/stream/OldPersian#page/n23/mode/2up/ Old Persian p.13]. In particular Old Persian nasals such as "n" were omitted in writing before consonant
Old Persian p.17
https://archive.org/stream/OldPersian#page/n35/mode/2up/ Old Persian p.25]

It is widely accepted that the name derives from , the Sanskrit name of the Indus river as well as the region at the lower Indus basin. The Proto-Iranian sound change ''*s'' > ''h'' occurred between 850–600 BCE, according to Asko Parpola. The ''-sh'' suffix is common among the names of many Achaemenid provinces, such as (the land of ''Harauvati'' or ''Haraxvaiti'', i.e., Arachosia) or (Bactria). Accordingly, would mean the land of .

The Greeks of Asia Minor, who were also part of the Achaemenid empire, called the province 'India'. More precisely, they called the people of the province as 'Indians' (, ) The loss of the aspirate was probably due to the dialects of Greek spoken in Asia Minor. Herodotus also generalised the term "Indian" from the people of Hindush to all the people living to the east of Persia, even though he had no knowledge of the geography of the land.

Geography

The territory of Hindush may have corresponded to the area covering the lower and central Indus basin (present day Sindh and the southern Punjab region of Pakistan). Hindush bordered Gandāra (spelt as ''Gaⁿdāra'' by the Achaememids) to the north. These areas remained under Persian control until the invasion by Alexander. Alternatively, some authors consider that ''Hindush'' may have been located in the Punjab region.

Integration

Second Persian invasion of Greece

According to Herodotus, the 'Indians' participated to the Second Persian invasion of Greece circa 480 BCE. At the final Battle of Platea (479 BCE), they formed one of the main corps of Achaemenid troops (one of "the greatest of the nations")."A Sindhu contingent formed a part of his army which invaded Greece and stormed the defile at Thermopylae in 480 BC, thus becoming the first ever force from India to fight on the continent of Europe. It, apparently, distinguished itself in battle because it was followed by another contingent which formed a part of the Persian army under Mardonius which lost the battle of Platea" Indians were still supplying troops and elephants for the Achaemenid army at the Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE). They are also depicted on the Achaemenid tombs of Naqsh-e Rostam and Persepolis.

Demographic representation

Representatives of Hindush are depicted as delegates bringing gifts to the king on the Apadana staircases, and as throne/ dais bearers on the Tripylon and Hall of One Hundred Columns reliefs at Persepolis
The representatives of Hindush (as well as Gandara and Thatagus) in each in- stance are characterized by their loincloths, sandals, and exposed upper body, which distinguish them from the representatives of other eastern provinces such as Bactria and Arachosia.

See also

*India (Herodotus)

Notes

References

{{Authority control

Achaemenid satrapies