Tawuran (or tubir) is a form of customary mass

street fighting Street fighting or street combat is hand-to-hand combat in public places between individuals or groups of people. The venue is usually a public place (e.g., a street), and the fight sometimes results in serious injury or even death. Some street ...

between gangs of particular school related students in urban Indonesia, especially in the capital city Jakarta. It is practised largely by males in their junior or senior year of high school. Indonesian sociologist Wirumoto has suggested that it serves as a stress release mechanism, as it often occurs following examinations, holiday seasons or graduation. W. D. Mansur has suggested that it results not from personal factors such as religion or personality, but from group dynamics such as solidarity. Tawuran can result in serious injuries or even death. In 1999 there were 67 deaths. The death toll kept rising. From year 2000's till late 2005's with result 297 deaths, in 2011 82 deaths. A 2013

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report noted the increasing use of

acid attacks An acid attack, also called acid throwing, vitriol attack, or vitriolage, is a form of violent assault involving the act of throwing acid or a similarly corrosive substance onto the body of another "with the intention to disfigure, maim, tort ...

in tawuran, resulting in severe injury and disfigurement. According to one report, between 2012 and 2017, 130 students were killed.

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