Taung

Taung is a small town situated in the North West Province of South Africa. The name means ''place of the lion'' and was named after Tau, the King of the Barolong people. ''Tau'' is the Tswana word for lion.

Taung skull fossil site

In 1924, a skull (later named the Taung Child) was discovered by a quarry-worker in the nearby Buxton-limestone quarry. It was described by Raymond Dart in 1925 as the type specimen of ''Australopithecus africanus'' after he received a shipment of mostly fossil baboons, but also containing the skull and face of the child. Surprisingly, it would be many years before Dart would visit Taung to determine the exact location of the find. By that time, lime-mining had destroyed much of the area. Later ''in-situ'' excavations were conducted under the direction of Phillip Tobias and Jeffrey McKee of the University of the Witwatersrand, who worked at the site from approximately 1989 until 1993. Although they failed to find additional hominid specimens, they did recover many important fossil baboons and increased the understanding of the Taung geology and taphonomy significantly.

Unlike the dolomitic caves near Johannesburg, South Africa and the site of Makapansgat, the Taung fossil sites are found in caves formed in a gigantic tufa flow coming off the dolomitic bedrock of the Kalahari escarpment.

The Taung Child is among the most important early human fossils ever discovered. It was the first hominid to be discovered in Africa, a species later named ''Australopithecus africanus'', supporting Charles Darwin's concepts that the closest living relatives of humans are the African apes. It furthermore demonstrated significant differences between reality and the fake skull of a proposed human ancestor from England known as the Piltdown Man or ''Eoanthropus''. The little skull is hypothesized to be from an approximately three- to three-and-a-half-year-old child. The cast of the brain is preserved by the filling of the skull with limestone breccia. The skull is housed at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa.

The Taung Child was at first proposed to have been killed by other hominids as part of Raymond Dart's Osteo-Dento-Keratic Culture hypothesis. However, later work by C.K. "Bob" Brain demonstrated that the child was probably killed by some sort of mammalian carnivore such as a leopard. Recently, however, studies of the associated baboons by Ron Clarke and Lee Berger, and identification of specific marks on the Taung Child skull have demonstrated that the Taung Child may have been killed and eaten by a large bird of prey.

Taung child.jpg, The Taung Child skull as seen when it was exhibited at the Maropeng visitor's centre at the Cradle of Humankind in early 2007
Taung1.jpg, The Taung Child skull with arrows pointing to possible Eagle-caused damage

Climate

See also

*Hominids
*Cradle of Humankind
*List of human evolution fossils
* North West Cultural Calabash

References

Sources

*P.V. Tobias, ''Dart Taung and the Missing Link'' (''Inst. for the Study of Man in Africa'', 1984)
*L.R. Berger and B. Hilton-Barber, ''In the Footsteps of Eve'' (National Geographic Press, 2001)
*L.R. Berger and B. Hilton-Barber, ''Field Guide to the Cradle of Humankind'' (Struik, 2001)
L.R. Berger Am. J.Phys. Anth. 131:166-168 (2006)

{{Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality

Archaeological sites in South Africa
Pliocene paleontological sites of Africa
Caves of South Africa
Limestone caves
Landforms of North West (South African province)
Populated places in the Greater Taung Local Municipality
Paleoanthropological sites
Archaeological sites of Southern Africa