''Taphrina'' is a

fungal A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the tradit ...

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

within the

Ascomycota Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The def ...

that causes leaf and

catkin A catkin or ament is a slim, cylindrical flower cluster (a spike), with inconspicuous or no petals, usually wind- pollinated ( anemophilous) but sometimes insect-pollinated (as in '' Salix''). It contains many, usually unisexual flowers, arra ...

curl diseases and

witch's broom Witch's broom or witches' broom is a deformity in a woody plant, typically a tree, where the natural structure of the plant is changed. A dense mass of shoots grows from a single point, with the resulting structure resembling a broom or a bi ...

s of certain flowering plants. One of the more commonly observed species causes peach

leaf curl Peach leaf curl is a plant disease characterized by distortion and coloration of leaves and is caused by the fungus '' Taphrina deformans'', which infects peach, nectarine, and almond trees. ''T. deformans'' is found in the United States, Europe ...

. ''Taphrina'' typically grow as

yeast Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom (biology), kingdom. The first yeast originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and at least 1,500 species are currently recognized. They are est ...

s during one phase of their life cycles, then infect plant tissues in which typical

hyphae A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one o ...

are formed, and ultimately they form a naked layer of asci on the deformed, often brightly pigmented surfaces of their hosts. No discrete fruit body is formed outside of the

gall Galls (from the Latin , 'oak-apple') or ''cecidia'' (from the Greek , anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues, similar to benign tumors or war ...

-like or blister-like tissues of the hosts. The asci form a layer lacking

paraphyses Paraphyses are erect sterile filament-like support structures occurring among the reproductive apparatuses of fungi, ferns, bryophytes and some thallophytes. The singular form of the word is paraphysis. In certain fungi, they are part of the f ...

, and they lack croziers. The

ascospore In fungi, an ascospore is the sexual spore formed inside an ascus—the sac-like cell that defines the division Ascomycota, the largest and most diverse Division (botany), division of fungi. After two parental cell nucleus, nuclei fuse, the ascu ...

s frequently bud into multiple yeast cells within the asci. Phylogenetically, ''Taphrina'' is a member of a basal group within the Ascomycota, and type genus for the subphylum

Taphrinomycotina The Taphrinomycotina are one of three subdivisions constituting the Ascomycota (fungi that form their spores in a sac-like ascus) and is more or less synonymous with the slightly older invalid name Archiascomycetes (sometimes spelled Archaeascomy ...

, the class

Taphrinomycetes The Taphrinomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi belonging to the subdivision Taphrinomycotina. It includes the single order Taphrinales, which includes 2 families, 8 genera and 140 species A species () is often defined as the largest ...

, and order

Taphrinales The Taphrinomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi belonging to the subdivision Taphrinomycotina. It includes the single order Taphrinales, which includes 2 families, 8 genera and 140 species A species () is often defined as the largest gr ...

Species

* ''

Taphrina alni ''Taphrina alni'' is a fungal plant pathogen that causes alder tongue gall, a chemically induced distortion of female alder catkins (''Alnus glutinosa'').Ellis, Hewett A. (2001). ''Cecidology''. Vol.16, No.1. p. 24. ''Taphrina alni'' produces ...

'' (Berk. & Broome) Gjaerum * ''

Taphrina aurea ''Taphrina aurea'' is an ascomycete fungus that is a plant pathogen. It causes leaf blisters on poplar trees ''Populus'' is a genus of 25–30 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern He ...

'' (Pers.) Fr. * ''

Taphrina betulina ''Taphrina betulina'' is a fungal plant pathogen that causes the gall, witches broom, which is a chemical infection of birch buds or the developing shoots, leading to a proliferation of growth. It was first described by Emil Rostrup in 1883 an ...

'' Rostr. * ''

Taphrina bullata ''Taphrina bullata'' is an ascomycete fungus that is a plant pathogen Plant diseases are diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disea ...

'' (Berkeley) Tulasne * ''

Taphrina caerulescens ''Taphrina caerulescens'' is a species of fungus in the family Taphrinaceae. It is a pathogenic Ascomycete fungus that causes oak leaf blister disease on various species of oak trees (''Quercus'' spp.). The associated anamorph species is ''Lalari ...

'' (Desmaz. & Mont.) Tul. * ''

Taphrina communis ''Taphrina'' is a fungus, fungal genus within the Ascomycota that causes leaf and catkin curl diseases and witch's brooms of certain flowering plants. One of the more commonly observed species causes peach leaf curl. ''Taphrina'' typically grow a ...

'' (Sadeb.) Giesenh.''Taphrina'' communis (Sadeb.) Giesenh., Global Biodiversity Information Facility * ''

Taphrina coryli Taphrina coryli is an ascomycete fungus that is a plant pathogen Plant diseases are diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease in ...

'' * ''

Taphrina deformans ''Taphrina deformans'' is a fungus and plant pathogen, and a causal agent of peach leaf curl. Peach trees infected with ''T. deformans'' will experience leaf puckering and distortion, acquiring a characteristic downward and inward curl. Leaves wi ...

'' (Berk.) Tul. * '' Taphrina entomospora'' Thaxter * '' Taphrina faulliana'' Mix * '' Taphrina filicina'' Rostr. * '' Taphrina hiratsukae'' Nishida * '' Taphrina johansonii'' Sadebeck * '' Taphrina maculans'' Butler * ''

Taphrina padi ''Taphrina padi'' is a fungal plant pathogen that induces the form of pocket plum gall that occurs on bird cherry (''Prunus padus''). The gall is a chemically induced distortion of the fruits, which are swollen, hollow, curved and greatly elonga ...

'' (Jacz.) Mix * '' Taphrina piri'' * '' Taphrina polystichi'' Mix * '' Taphrina populina'' (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr. * '' Taphrina potentillae'' (Farl.) Johans. * '' Taphrina pruni'' Tul. * '' Taphrina sadebeckii'' Johans. * '' Taphrina tosquinetii'' (WestendD.) Magnus * '' Taphrina ulmi'' (Fuckel) Johans. * '' Taphrina wiesneri'' (Rathay) Mix

Footnotes

References

Broad leaf plant diseases in Canada (BC)- leaf spot example of TaphrinaThe Oregon Coalition of Interdisciplinary Databases: "Archiascomycetes: Early Diverging Ascomycetes"
# {{Authority control Taphrinomycetes Ascomycota genera Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries Taxa described in 1815