Taphrina Padi on:
[Wikipedia]
[Google]
[Amazon]
''Taphrina padi'' is a fungal
NBN Gateway Accessed : 2010-05-26
/ref> ''T. padi'' has been recorded in India.
These galls are usually known as 'pocket plums', however alternatives are 'starved plums'; 'bladder bullace; and 'mock plums'. The gall appears on the developing fruit, rendering it inedible and resulting in an elongated, curved, hollow, stone-less gall, usually light green in colour at first; turning brown as the gall develops. In ''T. padi'' an identification characteristic is that the
/ref>
As a fungus, cool and wet weather conditions promote the germination of spores, while warm and dry weather results in infection rarely taking place.
Removing and destroying the galls may help to reduce the infestation. Colonisation can become extensive and eradication very difficult. The disease can to some degree be controlled by carefully removing infected branches, witches' brooms and fruit before the infective air-borne spores are produced.
Applications of copper-containing fungicides have a degree of control over the tongue-fungi.
Biolimages Ascospores and galls
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1956820 Fungi described in 1926 Taphrinomycetes Galls Stone fruit tree diseases Fungus species Gall-inducing fungi
plant pathogen
Plant diseases are diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like orga ...
that induces the form of pocket plum gall that occurs on bird cherry (''Prunus padus
''Prunus padus'', known as bird cherry, hackberry (unrelated to the genus ''Celtis''), hagberry, or Mayday tree, is a flowering plant in the Rosaceae, rose family. It is a species of cherry, a deciduous small tree or large shrub up to tall. It ...
''). The gall is a chemically induced distortion of the fruits, which are swollen, hollow, curved and greatly elongated, without a seed or stone, but retaining the style
Style, or styles may refer to:
Film and television
* ''Style'' (2001 film), a Hindi film starring Sharman Joshi, Riya Sen, Sahil Khan and Shilpi Mudgal
* ''Style'' (2002 film), a Tamil drama film
* ''Style'' (2004 film), a Burmese film
* '' ...
. The twigs on infected plants may also be deformed with small strap-shaped leaves.Redfern, Page 249
Hosts
''Taphrina padi'', a 'tongue fungus', produces a distinctive, elongated, tongue-like growth on bird cherry, similar to other closely related species such as ''Taphrina alni
''Taphrina alni'' is a fungal plant pathogen that causes alder tongue gall, a chemically induced distortion of female alder catkins (''Alnus glutinosa'').Ellis, Hewett A. (2001). ''Cecidology''. Vol.16, No.1. p. 24.
''Taphrina alni'' produces ...
'' on ader (''Alnus glutinosa'') and '' Taphrina pruni'' on blackthorn (''Prunus spinosa''). The growth is the distorted fruit and not the fungus itself.Nature Gardening. Accessed : 2010-05-26Distribution
The gall is widely distributed, and may be under recorded in the United Kingdom, but it is found throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere./ref> ''T. padi'' has been recorded in India.
Structure and appearance
Fruits
These galls are usually known as 'pocket plums', however alternatives are 'starved plums'; 'bladder bullace; and 'mock plums'. The gall appears on the developing fruit, rendering it inedible and resulting in an elongated, curved, hollow, stone-less gall, usually light green in colour at first; turning brown as the gall develops. In ''T. padi'' an identification characteristic is that the style
Style, or styles may refer to:
Film and television
* ''Style'' (2001 film), a Hindi film starring Sharman Joshi, Riya Sen, Sahil Khan and Shilpi Mudgal
* ''Style'' (2002 film), a Tamil drama film
* ''Style'' (2004 film), a Burmese film
* '' ...
persists at the tip of the gall.
The surface of the gall eventually becomes corrugate and coated with the fungus, showing as a white bloom of ascospore
In fungi, an ascospore is the sexual spore formed inside an ascus—the sac-like cell that defines the division Ascomycota, the largest and most diverse Division (botany), division of fungi. After two parental cell nucleus, nuclei fuse, the ascu ...
producing hyphae. The totally inedible fruits shrivel and most fall.Royal Horticultural Society. Accessed : 2010-05-26/ref>
Stems
Stems bearing deformed fruit may also thicken and grow with a deformation. The leaves are smaller and strap-like and shoots may be swollen, pale yellow and tinged with red. The fungus may also cause dense clusters of live and dead twig, called " witches' brooms". Some authors suggest these are caused by the very similar ''Taphrina insititia''.Life cycle
The airborne spores released from the whitish 'bloom' on the fruit are thought to settle in the host's bark and bud scales, growing at first without causing obvious signs, but in the spring the fungus invades the plant tissues, causing swollen and deformed shoots. The fungus remains in these as a mycelium. The gall inducing fungus then grows into the flowers and the developing fruit. The cycle then repeats itself. The fungus infects the ovaries causing a pseudo-pollination and an enhanced cell division, resulting in the infested fruit being larger than the healthy one.Infestations of galls
As a fungus, cool and wet weather conditions promote the germination of spores, while warm and dry weather results in infection rarely taking place.
Removing and destroying the galls may help to reduce the infestation. Colonisation can become extensive and eradication very difficult. The disease can to some degree be controlled by carefully removing infected branches, witches' brooms and fruit before the infective air-borne spores are produced.
Applications of copper-containing fungicides have a degree of control over the tongue-fungi.
References
;Notes ;Sources # Cannon, P.F., Hawksworth, D.L., and Sherwood-Pike, M.A. (1985). ''The British Ascomycotina. An Annotated Checklist''. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 302 pages. # Darlington, Arnold (1975). ''The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in Colour''. Poole : Blandford Press. . # Dennis, R.W.G. (1978). ''British Ascomycetes''. J. Cramer, Vaduz, 585 pages. # Mix, A.J. (1949). A monograph of the genus Taphrina. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 33: 3-167. # Redfern, Margaret & Shirley, Peter (2002). ''British Plant Galls. Identification of galls on plants & fungi.'' AIDGAP. Shrewsbury : Field Studies Council. . # Stubbs, F. B. Edit. (1986). ''Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls''. Pub. Brit Plant Gall Soc. .External links
*Biolimages Ascospores and galls
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1956820 Fungi described in 1926 Taphrinomycetes Galls Stone fruit tree diseases Fungus species Gall-inducing fungi