Tani Languages

The Tani language, often referred to as Tani languages, encompasses a group of closely related languages spoken by the Tani people in the northeastern region of India, primarily in the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. These languages belong to the Sino-Tibetan family and include several major dialects such as in Mising, Galo, Apatani, Adi, Tagin, and Nyishi.

Background

The Tani languages are spoken by about 2,170,500 people of Arunachal Pradesh, including the Adi, Apatani, Galo, Mising, Nyishi, Tagin, and of the East Kameng, West Kameng, Papumpare, Lower Subansiri, Upper Subansiri, West Siang, East Siang, Upper Siang, Lower Dibang Valley and Lohit districts of Arunachal Pradesh and Dhemaji, North Lakhimpur, Sonitpur, Majuli etc. districts of Assam. In Arunachal Pradesh alone the Tani-speaking area covers some 40,000 square kilometers, or roughly half the size of the state. Scattered Tani communities spill over the Sino-Indian border into adjacent areas in Mêdog ( Miguba people), Mainling ( Bokar and Tagin peoples), and Lhünzê ( Bangni, Na, Bayi, Dazu, and Mara peoples) counties of Tibet.

The name ''Tani'' was originally suggested by Jackson Tianshin Sun in his 1993 doctoral dissertation.

Classification

The Tani languages are conservatively classified as a distinct branch in Sino-Tibetan. Their closest relatives may be their eastern neighbors the Digaro languages, Taraon and Idu; this was first suggested by Sun (1993), but a relationship has not yet been systematically demonstrated. Blench (2014) suggests that Tani has a Greater Siangic substratum, with the Greater Siangic languages being a non-Sino-Tibetan language family consisting of Idu- Taraon and Siangic languages.

Mark Post (2015) observes that Tani typologically fits into the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area, which typically has creoloid morphosyntactic patterns, rather than with the languages of the Tibetosphere. Post (2015) also notes that Tani culture is similar to those of Mainland Southeast Asian hill tribe cultures, and is not particularly adapted to cold montane environments.

A provisional classification in Sun (1993), who argued that Tani is a primary branch of Tibeto-Burman (within Sino-Tibetan), is:

*Tani
**Eastern Tani ( Adi/Abor)
***? Damu
*** Bori
*** Mishing ( Plains Miri) – Padam (Bor Abor) – Minyong
*** Bokar (incl. Palibo & Ramo)
**Western Tani
*** Apatani ( Tani)
***Nishi
**** Nishi ( E. Dafla, Nishing; possibly including Nyisu, Yano), Tagin ( W. Dafla), Bangni ( Na), Hill Miri ( Sarak), ? Gallong ( Duba, Galo)

To Eastern Tani, van Driem (2008) adds the following possible languages:
: Tangam

Milang has traditionally been classified as a divergent Tani language, but in 2011 was tentatively reclassified as Siangic (Post & Blench 2011).

Proto-Tani was partially reconstructed by Sun (1993). A large number of reconstructed roots have cognates in other Sino-Tibetan languages. However, a great deal of Proto-Tani vocabulary have no cognates within Sino-Tibetan (Post 2011), and most Tani grammar seems to be secondary, without cognates in grammatically conservative Sino-Tibetan languages such as Jingpho or the Kiranti languages (Post 2006). Post (2012) suggests that Apatani and Milang have non-Tani substrata, and that as early Tani languages had expanded deeper into Arunachal Pradesh, mixing with non-Tani languages occurred.

Mark Post (2013) proposes the following revised classification for the Tani languages.

*Tani
**? Milang
**Eastern Tani
***'' Bori''
*** Siang (Adi)
****'' Minyong''
****'' Mising''
****''Pasi''
****'' Padam''
****'' Bokar''
**Pre-Western Tani
***'' Tangam'', '' Damu''?
***Western Tani
****'' Apatani''
****Subansiri
*****'' Bangni- Tagin''
*****'' Nyishi– Hill Miri''
***** Galo
******''Lare''
******''Pugo''

The undocumented Ashing language presumably belongs here.

However, Macario (2015) notes that many Apatani words are closer to reconstructions of Proto-Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff 2003) than to Proto-Tani (Sun 1993). Possible explanations include Apatani having a substratum belonging to an extinct Tibeto-Burman branch or language phylum, or linguistic variation in Proto-Tani.

Isoglosses

Sun (1993: 254–255) lists the following 25 lexical isoglosses between Western Tani and Eastern Tani.

Tani Language Foundation

The Tani Language Foundation (TLF) is a non-profit organization dedicated to preserving and revitalizing the linguistic and cultural heritage of the Tani people, an indigenous group primarily residing in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, India. Established by a group of college students of Tani ethnicity, TLF focuses on unifying the various dialects of the Tani languages and ensuring their continued relevance in contemporary society.

Founded by Luke Rimmo (Mingkeng) Lego and Takar Mili, TLF focuses on preserving the various dialects of the Tani languages and ensuring their continued relevance in contemporary society.

Proposed writing system

A new alphabetical writing system for Tani languages was invented by Tony Koyu, a social scientist from Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh. It was first presented at a seminar at the North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology at Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh in November 2001. It is borrowed and created using the Devanagari and Bengali–Assamese writing systems.

The script has faced considerable criticism, with detractors questioning its authenticity and cultural relevance. A key argument against the script is that it appears to be heavily influenced by the Devanagari script rather than being an indigenous creation. Critics point out that the use of the term "Lipi", derived from Hindi, raises concerns about the script's originality and its alignment with local traditions. Furthermore, some view this initiative as a subtle attempt to promote cultural assimilation with North India, potentially at the expense of the unique linguistic and cultural identity of the Tani people. Additionally, Tani Lipi does not account for the tonal nature of the Tani languages, which is a critical feature for accurate representation and pronunciation.

Furthermore, Tani Lipi is often criticized for its limited applicability, as it primarily suits the Galo language, that too only in limited settings and does not adequately serve the diverse Tani linguistic group. This limitation hinders its broader acceptance and usefulness across the different Tani-speaking communities. These criticisms underscore the challenges in creating a unifying script for a linguistically diverse group while ensuring it retains cultural authenticity and practical utility.

See also

* Siangic languages
* Greater Siangic languages

Notes

References

* Bradley, David, 1997. "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification." In David Bradley, ed. ''Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas.'' Canberra, Australian National University Press: 1–72. .
* Blench, Roger (2014).
Fallen leaves blow away: a neo-Hammarstromian approach to Sino-Tibetan classification
'. Presentation given at the University of New England, Armidale, 6 September 2014.
* James A. Matisoff, 2003.
The Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction
'' Berkeley, University of California Press. .
* van Driem, George, 2001. ''Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region.'' Brill. .
* Post, Mark, 2006.
Compounding and the structure of the Tani lexicon
" ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' 29 (1): 41–60.
* Post, Mark, 2011. "Isolate substrates, creolization and the internal diversity of Tibeto-Burman." ''Workshop on The Roots of Linguistic Diversity.'' The Cairns Institute, James Cook University, Australia, June 9–10.
* Post, Mark, 2012. "The language, culture, environment and origins of Proto-Tani speakers: What is knowable, and what is not (yet)." In T. Huber and S. Blackburn, Eds. ''Origins and Migrations in the Extended Eastern Himalayas''. Leiden, Brill: 161–194. .
* Post, Mark W. and Roger Blench, 2011.
Siangic: A new language phylum in North East India
" ''6th International Conference of the North East Indian Linguistics Society'', Tezpur University, Assam, India, January 29 – February 2.
* Sun, Tianshin Jackson, 1993
''A Historical–Comparative Study of the Tani (Mirish) Branch in Tibeto-Burman.''
Berkeley, University of California PhD Dissertation.

{{Languages of Northeast India

Languages of Assam