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The Tani people include the Adi, Apatani, Galo, Mising, Nyishi, and Tagin ethnic groups of India and China. As members of the
Tibeto-Burman The Tibeto-Burman languages are the non- Sinitic members of the Sino-Tibetan language family, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the Southeast Asian Massif ("Zomia") as well as parts of East Asia and South Asia. Around 60 million people speak ...
ethnic group An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people with shared attributes, which they collectively believe to have, and long-term endogamy. Ethnicities share attributes like language, culture, common sets of ancestry, traditions, society, re ...
, they speak various
Tani languages The Tani language, often referred to as Tani languages, encompasses a group of closely related languages spoken by the Tani people in the northeastern region of India, primarily in the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. These language ...
and primarily reside in the Indian states of
Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh (; ) is a States and union territories of India, state in northeast India. It was formed from the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) region, and India declared it as a state on 20 February 1987. Itanagar is its capital and la ...
and
Assam Assam (, , ) is a state in Northeast India, northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra Valley, Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . It is the second largest state in Northeast India, nor ...
, as well as the
Tibet Autonomous Region The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), often shortened to Tibet in English or Xizang in Pinyin, Hanyu Pinyin, is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of the China, People's Republic of China. It was established in 1965 to replace the ...
in China. With a population of approximately 2.17 million, the Tani people are among the largest ethnic groups in Northeast India. The Chinese government categorises the Tani people under the
Lhoba Lhoba (English translation: ; ; ) is any of a diverse amalgamation of Sino-Tibetan-speaking tribespeople living in and around Pemako, a region in southeastern Tibet including Mainling, Medog and Zayü counties of Nyingchi and Lhünzê Count ...
ethnic group.


History

Most of the residents of Arunachal Pradesh and Upper Assam belong to the six Tani tribes ( Nyishi,
Adi Adi or ADI may refer to: Abbreviations * Acceptable daily intake, in health and medicine * Acting detective inspector, a type of police inspector * Africa Development Indicators, a compilation of data assembled by the World Bank * Alternating ...
, Galo, Apatani, Tagin, and Mising) who are all said to be descended from
Abotani Abotani or Abu Tani is considered the progenitor of the Tani tribes of the state of Arunachal Pradesh in India. Abotani are located in Tibet and Arunachal Pradesh. In China, Abotani tribes recognized as part of Lhoba ethnic group. The Apatan ...
. Some of the history of the Tani people has been recorded in the ancient libraries of
Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ), or Greater Tibet, is a region in the western part of East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are other ethnic groups s ...
as the Tani people traded swords and other metals with
Tibetans Tibetans () are an East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet. Their current population is estimated to be around 7.7 million. In addition to the majority living in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, significant numbers of Tibetans live in t ...
in exchange for meat and wool.


Festivals


Solung

Solung, observed by the
Adi people The Adi people are one of the most populous groups of indigenous peoples in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. A few thousand are also found in the Tibet Autonomous Region, where they are called the Lhoba together with some of the Nyishi peopl ...
, is a major agricultural festival celebrated in early September to mark the harvest. It involves rituals, dances, songs, and community feasts. The festival lasts for about ten days and includes various activities such as animal sacrifices, distribution of rice beer, and performances of traditional dances like Ponung.


Dree

Celebrated in early July by the
Apatani people The Apatani people are an ethnic group who live in the Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh's Lower Subansiri region. Customs and lifestyle Their wet rice cultivation system and their agriculture system are extensive even without the use of any ...
, Dree is an agricultural festival where prayers are offered to deities to ensure a bountiful harvest and to protect crops from pests and diseases. The festival includes sacrificial offerings, traditional songs and dances, and community feasting. The vibrant dances, drumming, and the rhythmic chanting of prayers are believed to bring blessings and prosperity for the coming agricultural season.


Nyokum

Nyokum is celebrated in February by the
Nyishi people The Nyishi community is the largest ethnic group in Arunachal Pradesh in north-eastern India. The Nyishi language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family, however, the origin is disputed. Their population of around 300,000 makes them the most popu ...
and is a communal prayer for prosperity and well-being. The festival involves rituals to appease the gods and spirits, traditional dances, and communal feasts.


Mopin

Celebrated in April by the Galo people, Mopin is a harvest festival seeking prosperity and good health. It involves rituals to worship the goddess Mopin Ane. The festival features dances such as Popir, the preparation of rice beer called Apong, and communal feasting.


Si-Donyi

Celebrated in January by the
Tagin people The Tagins are one of the major tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, India, a member of the larger designation of Tani Tribes. The Tagins refers to a tribe of Northeast India Region. The Tagins are members of the larger designation of Abotani (''abo'' ...
, Si-Donyi is a festival to worship the Earth and the sun. It includes rituals seeking for well-being and fertility, traditional dances, and community gatherings.


Ali-Aye-Ligang

Celebrated in February by the
Mising people The Mising people are a Sino-Tibetan ethnic group inhabiting mostly in the Northeast Indian states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. They are part of the greater Tani group of people of India and Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Demograph ...
, Ali-Aye-Ligang marks the beginning of the sowing season. It includes rituals to the Earth goddess for a good harvest, traditional dances, songs, and feasting on rice and fish.


Languages

The languages spoken by the Tani people are part of the
Tibeto-Burman The Tibeto-Burman languages are the non- Sinitic members of the Sino-Tibetan language family, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the Southeast Asian Massif ("Zomia") as well as parts of East Asia and South Asia. Around 60 million people speak ...
language family which in turn is part of the larger Sino-Tibetan language family, which includes languages spoken in
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
,
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
,
Nepal Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China Ch ...
,
Bhutan Bhutan, officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in South Asia, in the Eastern Himalayas between China to the north and northwest and India to the south and southeast. With a population of over 727,145 and a territory of , ...
, and
Myanmar Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has ...
. Some of the
Tani languages The Tani language, often referred to as Tani languages, encompasses a group of closely related languages spoken by the Tani people in the northeastern region of India, primarily in the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. These language ...
are tonal, meaning that the meaning of a word can change based on its tone. Historically, these languages were primarily oral. However, with increased literacy and the influence of education, Roman scripts have been adopted for writing and documentation. There has been growing interest in documenting and studying these languages to preserve their unique linguistic heritage, given the pressures of modernisation and the influence of more dominant languages in the region.


See also

* List of people of Tani descent


References

Scheduled Tribes of India Ethnic groups in India Tibetan people {{ArunachalPradesh-stub