Tangkoko Nature Reserve
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Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve, is a
nature reserve A nature reserve (also known as a wildlife refuge, wildlife sanctuary, biosphere reserve or bioreserve, natural or nature preserve, or nature conservation area) is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, funga, or features of geologic ...
in the northern part of
Sulawesi Sulawesi ( ), also known as Celebes ( ), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the List of islands by area, world's 11th-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Min ...
island of
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...
, from Manado City. The reserve covers an area of , and includes three mountains: Mount Tangkoko at , Mount Dua Saudara at , and Mount Batuangus at .


Flora and fauna

The most common trees in the lowland rainforest of the park are species of the
Palaquium ''Palaquium'' is a genus of about 120 species of trees in the family Sapotaceae. Their range is from India across Southeast Asia, Malesia, Papuasia, and Australasia, to the western Pacific Islands. Description Within their range, ''Palaquium'' s ...
genus, ''
Cananga odorata ''Cananga odorata'', known as ylang-ylang ( ) or cananga tree, is a tropical tree that is native to the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Queensland, Australia. It is also native to parts of Thailand and Vie ...
'' and ''
Dracontomelon dao ''Dracontomelon dao'', the Argus pheasant-tree, ''Pacific walnut'', ''Papuan walnut'', ''New Guinea walnut'', ''paldao'' or simply ''dao'', is a tree in the family Anacardiaceae, native to tropical Asia. Description ''Dracontomelon dao'' grows a ...
''. Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve protects at least 127 mammal, 233 bird, and 104 reptile and amphibian species. Of these, 79 mammal, 103 bird, and 29 reptile and amphibian species are endemic to the island. Threatened mammals include the
Celebes crested macaque The Celebes crested macaque (''Macaca nigra''), also known as the crested black macaque, Sulawesi crested macaque, or the black ape, is an Old World monkey that lives in the tropical regions of north Sulawesi. Description Locally known as ''yaki' ...
, of which about 5,500 remain on the island,
spectral tarsier Spectral tarsier or Selayar tarsier (''Tarsius tarsier'', also called ''Tarsius spectrum'') is a species of tarsier found on the island of Selayar in Indonesia. It is apparently less specialized than the Philippine tarsier or Horsfield's ta ...
, Sulawesi bear cuscus and Sulawesi dwarf cuscus. Birds include the Green-backed Kingfisher, Sulawesi Lilac Kingfisher, Sulawesi Dwarf Kingfisher, knobbed hornbill, Sulawesi hornbill and
maleo The maleo (''Macrocephalon maleo'') is a large megapode and the only member of the monotypic genus ''Macrocephalon''. The maleo is endemic to Sulawesi and the nearby smaller island of Buton in Indonesia. It is found in the tropical lowland and hi ...
.Tangkoko Nature Reserve
has been a popular destination in North Sulawesi for wildlife watching tourism.


Conservation and threats

The first conservation area at Mount Tongkoko was established in . To this the Duasaudara area was added in 1978, and the Batuangus and Batuputih areas in 1981, together encompassing a total of . Visitation is only allowed in the Batuputih area. Several Indonesian and international environmental organisations are involved with conservation efforts in the reserve, including Sulut Bosami,
Wildlife Conservation Society The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) is a global 501(c)(3) organization, 501(c)(3) non-governmental organization, headquartered at the Bronx Zoo in New York City, with a mission to save "wildlife and wild places across the globe". Founded in ...
, and Tarantula. Habitat destruction and hunting pose serious threats to the reserve. As result of hunting, between 1978 and 1993, the number of crested macaques declined by 75%, maleo birds by 90%, and bear cuscus by 95%. A survey of the three surrounding villages conducted in 2005 found that while the most frequently hunted species were rats, locals still hunted for macaques and cuscus both for meat and to be sold on the market.


See also

*
Protected areas of Indonesia Protected areas of Indonesia comprise both terrestrial and marine environments in any of the six World Commission on Protected Areas#IUCN Categories of Protected Area, IUCN Protected Area categories. There are over 500 protected areas in Indonesia, ...
*
CITES CITES (shorter acronym for the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention) is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals from the threats of inte ...


References


External links

* {{Authority control Bitung Protected areas of Indonesia Protected areas established in 1981 1981 establishments in Indonesia Geography of North Sulawesi Tourist attractions in North Sulawesi