Tanganyika Concessions
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Tanganyika Concessions Limited (TCL or Tanks) was a British mining and railway company founded by the Scottish engineer and entrepreneur
Robert Williams Robert, Rob, Robbie, Bob or Bobby Williams may refer to: Architecture * Train %26 Williams#Robert Edmund Williams, Robert Edmund Williams (1874–1960), Canadian-American architect * Robert Williams (architect) (1848–1918), Welsh architect a ...
in 1899. The purpose was to exploit minerals in
Northern Rhodesia Northern Rhodesia was a British protectorate in Southern Africa, now the independent country of Zambia. It was formed in 1911 by Amalgamation (politics), amalgamating the two earlier protectorates of Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia and North ...
and in the
Congo Free State The Congo Free State, also known as the Independent State of the Congo (), was a large Sovereign state, state and absolute monarchy in Central Africa from 1885 to 1908. It was privately owned by Leopold II of Belgium, King Leopold II, the const ...
. Partly-owned subsidiaries included the ''
Union Minière du Haut-Katanga The ''Union Minière du Haut-Katanga'' (French language, French; literally "Mining Union of Upper-Katanga") was a Belgium, Belgian mining company (with minority British share) that controlled and operated the mining industry in the copperbelt re ...
'' (UMHK), which undertook mining in the Katanga portion of the
copperbelt The Copperbelt () is a natural region in Central Africa which sits on the border region between northern Zambia and the south eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. It is known for copper mining and is the second largest global reserve of copper, ...
, and the
Benguela railway The Benguela Railway () is a 3 ft 6 in gauge railways, Cape gauge railway line that runs through Angola from west to east, being the largest and most important railway line in the country. It also connects to Tenke, Democratic Republic of the C ...
, which provided a rail link across
Angola Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west-Central Africa, central coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest Portuguese-speaking world, Portuguese-speaking (Lusophone) country in both total area and List of c ...
to the Atlantic Ocean. Belgian banks eventually took over control of the company. The Angolan railway concession was returned to the state of Angola in 2001.


Foundation and concessions

Tanganyika Concessions Ltd. was created on 20 January 1899 by Robert Williams, an associate of
Cecil Rhodes Cecil John Rhodes ( ; 5 July 185326 March 1902) was an English-South African mining magnate and politician in southern Africa who served as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896. He and his British South Africa Company founded th ...
. Originally all the shareholders were British.
Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick Frances Evelyn "Daisy" Greville, Countess of Warwick (''née'' Maynard; 10 December 1861 – 26 July 1938) was a British socialite and philanthropist. Although embedded in late-Victorian British high society, she was also a campaigning socialis ...
, was one of the shareholders. The purpose was to exploit minerals in Northern Rhodesia and in the Congo Free State. Williams intended to secure a mining concession that the
British South Africa Company The British South Africa Company (BSAC or BSACo) was chartered in 1889 following the amalgamation of Cecil Rhodes' Central Search Association and the London-based Exploring Company Ltd, which had originally competed to capitalize on the expecte ...
had granted on 26 May 1898. It covered more than north of the
Zambezi The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. Its drainage basin covers , slightly less than half of t ...
river with exclusive rights for prospecting and locating 1,000 claims. The Zambesia Exploring Company Limited (ZE) acquired the majority of the shares, and ZE and TCL were run as one company. Tanganyika Concessions share prices were very unstable in the early years. During one period of a few days the price went from 2 to 13 pounds per share and then crashed. In 1900 the ''
Compagnie du Katanga The Compagnie du Katanga was a concession company of the Congo Free State that engaged in mining in the Katanga Province. History The company was founded by Leopold II in 1891 to occupy part of the Free State in order to dissuade a British claim ...
'' and the Congo Free State created the ''
Comité Spécial du Katanga The Special Committee of Katanga (, or CSK) was a parastatal body created in 1900 by the Congo Free State and the Compagnie du Katanga. At first it was responsible for administering the huge Katanga Province on behalf of the Free State and for ex ...
'' (CSK) to manage all the territory in Katanga, with profits shared between the ''Compagnie du Katanga'' (1/3) and the Free State (2/3). On 8 December 1900 the Comité Spécial du Katanga granted TCL exclusive prospecting rights for five years in an area of of Katanga adjoining Rhodesia, and an annual subsidy of £10,000. TCL was authorized to exploit the mines that were found with CSK for 30 years. The term was eventually extended to 89 years. The CSK reserved the rights to 60% of the profits from any mines that might be opened.


Early explorations

Williams sent an exploratory team which set out for the Congo-Zambesi watershed on 5 April 1899. There were five Europeans and 35 Africans led by the geologist George Grey (1868–1911), younger brother of Sir Edward Grey. About´ south of the border they found the workings of the ancient Kansanshi copper mine, and on 6 September 1899 staked claims there for TCL. Grey returned to
Bulawayo Bulawayo (, ; ) is the second largest city in Zimbabwe, and the largest city in the country's Matabeleland region. The city's population is disputed; the 2022 census listed it at 665,940, while the Bulawayo City Council claimed it to be about ...
to cable his findings to Williams on 24 November 1899, and indicated that the bulk of the ore seemed to be in Katanga. He described the copper deposits as "scandalously rich". Williams tried unsuccessfully to interest King Leopold II of Belgium in full-scale exploitation of the copper belt. Leopold was starting to earn high returns from rubber and ivory exports, and resented British criticism of his brutal treatment of the local people, so held back. After TCL had gained the CSK concession, on 15 April 1901 a larger second expedition set out to Kansanshi. Another expedition left for Katanga via Abercorn ( Mbala), and set up camp at the Kambove mine. Between June and October 1902 prospectors staked 50 claims in Katanga. There were many ancient copper workings, which were located by the simple method of asking local people where they could find copper.


Later history

The CSK created the '' Compagnie de Chemin de fer du Katanga'' (CFK) in 1902. It had a capital of 1,000,000 francs. The Congo Free State held 2,400 shares and Robert Williams held 1,600 shares. Théodore Heyvaert was president and Robert Williams was vice-president. The CFK was to build links to the region where the city of Elisabethville (
Lubumbashi Lubumbashi ( , ; former ; former ) is the second-largest Cities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, city in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, located in the country's southeasternmost part, along the border with Zambia. The capital ...
) would be founded. One line would connect to the Rhodesian railways at
Sakania Sakania is a town in Haut-Katanga Province, in the Congo Pedicle, in the far south of the Democratic Republic of Congo, near the border with Zambia. It is located at an elevation of 1278m asl, therefore it has a cool climate. Between 1935 and 1939 ...
, while another would connect to the port of
Bukama Bukama is a town in Haut-Lomami Province of south-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. As of 2009 it had an estimated population of 42,718. Climate Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as a tropical savanna c ...
on the
Lualaba River The Lualaba River (, , ) flows entirely within the eastern part of Democratic Republic of the Congo. It provides the greatest streamflow to the Congo River, while the River source, source of the Congo is recognized as the Chambeshi River, Chambeshi ...
. In early 1903 Williams discussed building a railway from
Lobito Lobito is a municipality in Angola. It is located in Benguela Province, on the Atlantic Coast north of the Catumbela Estuary. The Lobito municipality had a population of 393,079 in 2014. History The city was founded in 1843 and owes its existe ...
on the Atlantic coast of Angola to the copper mines with the contractors Pauling & Co., but the costs proved excessive. Instead, the Rhodesian railway was extended north from Bulawayo via the Wankie (
Hwange Hwange, originally known as Wankie, is a town in Zimbabwe, located in Hwange District, in Matabeleland North Province, in northwestern Zimbabwe, close to the international borders with Botswana and Zambia. It lies approximately , by road, sou ...
) coal fields and
Victoria Falls Victoria Falls (Lozi language, Lozi: ''Mosi-oa-Tunya'', "Thundering Smoke/Smoke that Rises"; Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe), Tonga: ''Shungu Namutitima'', "Boiling Water") is a waterfall on the Zambezi River, located on the border betwe ...
, reaching Kalomo in 1905 and Broken Hill (
Kabwe Kabwe is the capital of the Zambian Central Province and the Kabwe District, with a population estimated at 288,598 at the 2022 census. Named Broken Hill until 1966, it was founded when lead and zinc deposits were discovered in 1902. Kabwe also ...
) in 1906. The TCL concession in Katanga expired on 28 October 1906 and the ''
Union Minière du Haut-Katanga The ''Union Minière du Haut-Katanga'' (French language, French; literally "Mining Union of Upper-Katanga") was a Belgium, Belgian mining company (with minority British share) that controlled and operated the mining industry in the copperbelt re ...
'' (UMHK) was formed to exploit the deposits. The ''
Compagnie du Chemin de fer du Bas-Congo au Katanga The ''Compagnie du chemin de fer du bas-Congo au Katanga'' (BCK) was a railway operator in the Congo Free State, Belgian Congo and later in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zaire. Most of the lines were in the southern Katanga Province, wit ...
'' was founded on 31 October 1906 to build and operate a line linking
Bukama Bukama is a town in Haut-Lomami Province of south-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. As of 2009 it had an estimated population of 42,718. Climate Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as a tropical savanna c ...
to Port Francqui (
Ilebo Ilebo, formerly known as Port-Francqui, is a town in Kasai province in the Democratic Republic of Congo, lying at the highest navigable point of the Kasaï River. It is an important transport hub for ferries to Kinshasa and trains to Lubumbashi. ...
) on the
Kasai River The Kasai River (, ; called Cassai in Angola) is a left bank tributary of the Congo River, located in Central Africa. The river begins in central Angola and flows to the east until it reaches the border between Angola and the Democratic Republ ...
, from where minerals could be shipped to the Atlantic via Léopoldville (
Kinshasa Kinshasa (; ; ), formerly named Léopoldville from 1881–1966 (), is the Capital city, capital and Cities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kinshasa is one of the world's fastest-grow ...
). Robert Williams took only a minimal direct stake, while the UMHK had almost 10%, and the state became the main shareholder. The
Société Générale de Belgique The ' (, ; often referred to in Belgium simply as "Société Générale" or SGB) was an investment bank and, subsequently, an industrial and financial conglomerate in Belgium between 1822 and 2003. It has been described as the world's first u ...
and the associated
Banque d'Outremer The ''Banque d'Outremer'' (), initially known as the ''Compagnie Internationale pour le Commerce et l'Industrie'' (CICI, ) was a Belgian financial institution, established in 1899 in the context of the exploitation of the Congo Free State, and ev ...
purchased a minority share in TCL in 1923. In 1946 the French Government transferred 1,667,961 Ordinary shares of 10s. each in Tanganyika Concessions Ltd to the
Bank of England The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694 to act as the Kingdom of England, English Government's banker and debt manager, and still one ...
, which the Bank agreed to sell to an Anglo-Belgian group. These were about 19% of the voting power of all shareholders. As of 1946 TCL held 20% of the voting power in ''Union Minière du Haut-Katanga'' and 90% of the voting power in the Benguela Railway. In 1950 the company headquarters were moved to Salisbury, Rhodesia (
Harare Harare ( ), formerly Salisbury, is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Zimbabwe. The city proper has an area of , a population of 1,849,600 as of the 2022 Zimbabwe census, 2022 census and an estimated 2,487,209 people in its metrop ...
, Zimbabwe). As of 1978 the headquarters were in
Nassau, Bahamas Nassau ( ) is the capital and largest city of The Bahamas. It is on the island of New Providence, which had a population of 246,329 in 2010, or just over 70% of the entire population of The Bahamas. As of April 2023, the preliminary results of ...
, and shareholders included the
Oppenheimer Group Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. is an American multinational independent investment bank and financial services company offering investment banking, financial advisory services, capital markets services, asset management, wealth management, and related ...
, the
Rockefeller Group Rockefeller Group International, Inc. is an American private company based in New York City, primarily involved in real estate operations in the United States and it is a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Group. The company began with Construction of Roc ...
and other American interests. In 1981 ''Société Générale de Belgique'' acquired a controlling interest in TCL, which still owned 90% of the Benguela Railway.


Subsidiaries


Partial list

The structure of the TCL group was complex and fluid, Subsidiaries included: * ''Union Minière du Haut Katanga'' * Benguela Railway Company * Benguela Estates Ltd * Rhodesia-Katanga Company Ltd * Kentan Gold Areas Ltd * Geita Gold Mining Company Ltd * Nile Congo Divide Syndicate Ltd * Zambesia Exploring Company Ltd.


''Union Minière du Haut-Katanga''

TCL was a partner with the ''
Société Générale de Belgique The ' (, ; often referred to in Belgium simply as "Société Générale" or SGB) was an investment bank and, subsequently, an industrial and financial conglomerate in Belgium between 1822 and 2003. It has been described as the world's first u ...
'', a Belgian investment holding, in the ''
Union Minière du Haut-Katanga The ''Union Minière du Haut-Katanga'' (French language, French; literally "Mining Union of Upper-Katanga") was a Belgium, Belgian mining company (with minority British share) that controlled and operated the mining industry in the copperbelt re ...
'' (UMHK), which exploited copper deposits in
Katanga Province Katanga was one of the four large provinces created in the Belgian Congo in 1914. It was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Tanganyika Province, Tanganyika, Hau ...
. The UMHK was founded in 1906 to develop mines in Katanga. It was also to participate in building a railway to carry material and equipment to the mines and to take away the extracted minerals. The ''Société Générale'' participated in setting up the UMHK under the direction of
Jean Jadot Jean Jadot (; 23 November 1909 – 21 January 2009) was a Belgian Catholic prelate who served as apostolic delegate to the United States (the first non-Italian to do so) from 1973 to 1980, and as president of the Secretariat for Non-Christian ...
. The UMHK was the result of a compromise between the Free State and the Compagnie de Katanga as owners of the mineral deposit (through the CSK), the TCL who had found the mines, and the TCL and ''
Société Générale de Belgique The ' (, ; often referred to in Belgium simply as "Société Générale" or SGB) was an investment bank and, subsequently, an industrial and financial conglomerate in Belgium between 1822 and 2003. It has been described as the world's first u ...
'' who would fund their exploitation. UMHK was founded as a joint venture between the
Compagnie du Katanga The Compagnie du Katanga was a concession company of the Congo Free State that engaged in mining in the Katanga Province. History The company was founded by Leopold II in 1891 to occupy part of the Free State in order to dissuade a British claim ...
, the CSK and TCL. The Compagnie du Katanga was in turn a subsidiary of the
Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l'Industrie The Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l’Industrie (CCCI) was a major conglomerate active in the Congo Free State, Belgian Congo and later the Democratic Republic of the Congo where its subsidiary companies engaged in a wide range of activi ...
(CCCI), which was controlled by the
Société Générale de Belgique The ' (, ; often referred to in Belgium simply as "Société Générale" or SGB) was an investment bank and, subsequently, an industrial and financial conglomerate in Belgium between 1822 and 2003. It has been described as the world's first u ...
. UMHK became the third largest copper producer in the world, the largest cobalt and radium producer and one of the largest producers of germanium. Ownership was complicated and often changed. The ''Société Générale'' effectively controlled the UMHK from its inception to 1960. As of 1946 TCL held 20% of the voting power in the UMHK. The president of TCL sat on the UMHK board, as did one TCL administrator. In 1960, just before independence of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the dissolution of the CSK, ownership was: In December 1966 President
Mobutu Sese Seko Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa za Banga ( ; born Joseph-Désiré Mobutu; 14 October 1930 – 7 September 1997), often shortened to Mobutu Sese Seko or Mobutu and also known by his initials MSS, was a Congolese politician and military officer ...
announced that a new company (later named ''Société Génerale Congolaise de Minerais'' (
Gécamines La Générale des Carrières et des Mines (Gécamines) is a Congolese commodity trading and mining company headquartered in Lubumbashi, in the Katanga region of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is a state-controlled corporation founded i ...
) would take over from UMHK as of 2 January 1967. The new company have headquarters in
Lubumbashi Lubumbashi ( , ; former ; former ) is the second-largest Cities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, city in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, located in the country's southeasternmost part, along the border with Zambia. The capital ...
and would be owned 55% by the state. 15% would be offered to TCL and 30% would be offered to the public. TCL declined to participate, and eventually Gécamines became 100% state-owned.


Benguela railway

Williams became involved in building the
Benguela railway The Benguela Railway () is a 3 ft 6 in gauge railways, Cape gauge railway line that runs through Angola from west to east, being the largest and most important railway line in the country. It also connects to Tenke, Democratic Republic of the C ...
, which was to carry minerals from the copper belt to the Atlantic port of
Lobito Lobito is a municipality in Angola. It is located in Benguela Province, on the Atlantic Coast north of the Catumbela Estuary. The Lobito municipality had a population of 393,079 in 2014. History The city was founded in 1843 and owes its existe ...
near
Benguela Benguela (; Umbundu: Luombaka) is a city in western Angola, capital of Benguela Province. Benguela is one of Angola's most populous cities with a population of 555,124 in the city and 561,775 in the municipality, at the 2014 census. History Por ...
. The ''Caminhos de Ferro de Benguela'' (CFB) was incorporated in Portugal in 1902, with a 99-year concession to build and operate the railway. Its main purpose was to carry minerals for export. It ran from Lobito to Texeira de Sousa ( Luau), then crossed the
Luao River The Luao River forms part of the boundary between Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is a right tributary of the Kasai River. Location The Luao River flows from south to north along the border between Moxico Province of Angola an ...
into the Belgian Congo at
Dilolo Dilolo is a town in Dilolo Territory, Lualaba province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. It lies within five miles of the eastern bank of the Luao River, the DRC-Angolan border, and the Angolan town of Luau, at an altitude of 3510 ft ...
. Construction lasted from 1903 to August 1928. It took another 22 months to complete the line from Dilolo to Tenke, where it connected with the Katanga network. The line was officially opened on 1 July 1931. The Benguela railway was less successful than had been hoped, and most of the minerals were carried east by the '' Chemin de Fer du Bas-Congo au Katanga'' (BCK) and the Rhodesian railway to
Beira, Mozambique Beira () is the capital and largest List of cities in Mozambique, city of Sofala Province, in the central region of Mozambique. Beira is where the Pungwe River meets the Indian Ocean. It is the fourth-largest city by population in Mozambique, af ...
. In 1975 the Benguela railway was closed in the unrest that followed independence. During the subsequent
Angolan Civil War The Angolan Civil War () was a civil war in Angola, beginning in 1975 and continuing, with interludes, until 2002. The war began immediately after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975. It was a power struggle between two for ...
(1975–2002) the railway remained closed and the tracks, bridges and rolling stock were destroyed. The railway concession expired in 2001 and ownership passed to the Angolan government.


Benguela Estates

The Benguela Estates Company and the Zambezi Exploring Company, subsidiaries of TCL, controlled the largest agricultural enterprise in Angola. By 1933 they held in the highlands, worth £214,000. The Benguela railway wanted to expand wheat production in the
Ovimbundu The Ovimbundu, also known as the Southern Mbundu, are a Bantu peoples, Bantu ethnic group who live on the Bié Plateau of central Angola and in the coastal strip west of these highlands. As the largest ethnic group in Angola, they make up 38 pe ...
region for export to the world market, and in 1932 made a considerable investment in developing more suitable strains of wheat for the government to distribute to Ovimbundu producers.


Rhodesia-Katanga Company

TCL made an agreement in 1908 with the government of the Belgian Congo to build a railway from Broken Hill to the Katanga Border. The Rhodesia-Katanga Junction Railway & Mineral Company was formed for this purpose, and also took over the Kansanshi mine and TCL's other copperbelt holdings. The company became the Rhodesia-Katanga Company in 1929.


Kentan Gold Areas

TCL learned that gold prospectors were having success in the area near Mgusu, southwest of
Lake Victoria Lake Victoria is one of the African Great Lakes. With a surface area of approximately , Lake Victoria is Africa's largest lake by area, the world's largest tropics, tropical lake, and the world's second-largest fresh water lake by surface are ...
, and in 1934 formed Kentan Gold Area Limited to develop these finds. It did so through its subsidiaries Saragura Development Company Limited and Geita Gold Mining Company Limited. The Saragura Development Company explored holdings in the Saragura area of the Mwana District in Tanganyika in the 1930s. Saragura Development transferred the Geita Mine to the Geita Gold Mining Company. In 1958 Tanganyika Holdings Ltd. was providing office space and secretarial services to other companies in the group, had a large portfolio of investments including a sizable stake in Kentan, and was conducting an exploration program with companies that were not part of the group. On 7 October 1958 Kentan Gold Area and Zambesia Exploring announced that they were discussing amalgamation.


Geita Gold Mining Company

The Geita Gold Mining Company was set up to operate the
Geita Gold Mine The Geita Gold Mine is an open pit gold mine located in the Geita District of the Geita Region (formerly part of the Mwanza Region) of Tanzania. It is operated by AngloGold Ashanti.Lake Victoria Lake Victoria is one of the African Great Lakes. With a surface area of approximately , Lake Victoria is Africa's largest lake by area, the world's largest tropics, tropical lake, and the world's second-largest fresh water lake by surface are ...
, where it had built a jetty. It had built housing, medical facilities, set up a private wireless station and subsidized a weekly air service. Gold milling began in Geita in December 1938. In the early 1950s Geita employed about 2,000 men and produced more than half of the gold mined in Tanganyika, although this was much less than the peak production before
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
(1939–1945). Geita struggled with financial problems until it closed in 1965, and seems to have been a net liability to TCL. The mine produced over 1 million ounces of gold between 1936 and 1966. As of 2021 it was owned and operated by
AngloGold Ashanti AngloGold Ashanti Limited is a South African gold mining company, with global operations. With a diverse portfolio of cooperation, projects, and exploration activities, AngloGold Ashanti was formed in 2004 by the merger of AngloGold and the ...
.


Nile Congo Divide Syndicate

The Nile Congo Divide Syndicate prospected for gold and tin in the
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ( ') was a condominium (international law), condominium of the United Kingdom and Kingdom of Egypt, Egypt between 1899 and 1956, corresponding mostly to the territory of present-day South Sudan and Sudan. Legally, sovereig ...
and
Uganda Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the ...
. The syndicate explored the Hofrat en Nafas Copper Mine in southern
Darfur Darfur ( ; ) is a region of western Sudan. ''Dār'' is an Arabic word meaning "home f – the region was named Dardaju () while ruled by the Daju, who migrated from Meroë , and it was renamed Dartunjur () when the Tunjur ruled the area. ...
between 1918 and 1922, sinking shafts and boreholes, but eventually abandoned the effort. When the
Kilo-Moto Kilo-Moto is a region in the far northeast corner of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) where gold was discovered in the Ituri River by government prospectors in 1903. Moto is in the Haut-Uélé Province and Kilo in the Ituri Province. Loc ...
gold mines opened in the northeast Congo in 1920 the Nile Congo Divide Syndicate was among the prospecting companies that rushed to the region. They failed to find worthwhile gold deposits, but did find low-grade copper in the Manya area of West Madi County, Uganda.


Zambesia Exploring Company

Robert Williams and Cecil Rhodes founded the Zambesia Exploring Company (ZEC) in 1891 to explore and extract mineral deposits in Southern Rhodesia. The ZEC followed the guidance of Rhodes, and did nothing without his approval. In 1895 it was reported that the Zambasia Exploring Company had placed a large number of shares in United Rhodesia Goldfields in Paris. The ZEC was a subsidiary of TCL in 1922. The ZEC and TCL recruited thousands of workers from the northeast of Northern Rhodesia to work for the UMHK between 1917 and 1922.


Notes


Citations


Sources

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT: 1899 establishments in England Mining companies of the United Kingdom