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QAC Quickie Q2 A tandem wing is a
wing configuration The wing configuration or planform of a fixed-wing aircraft (including both glider (aircraft), gliders and powered aeroplanes) is its arrangement of lifting and related surfaces. Aircraft designs are often classified by their wing configuratio ...
in which a flying craft or animal has two or more sets of
wing A wing is a type of fin that produces both Lift (force), lift and drag while moving through air. Wings are defined by two shape characteristics, an airfoil section and a planform (aeronautics), planform. Wing efficiency is expressed as lift-to-d ...
s set one behind another. All the wings contribute to lift. The tandem wing is distinct from the
biplane A biplane is a fixed-wing aircraft with two main wings stacked one above the other. The first powered, controlled aeroplane to fly, the Wright Flyer, used a biplane wing arrangement, as did many aircraft in the early years of aviation. While ...
in which the wings are stacked one above another, or from the canard or "tail-first" configuration where the forward surface is much smaller and does not contribute significantly to the overall lift. In aviation, tandem wings have long been experimented with, but few designs have ever been put into production. Tandem wings in nature occur only in insects and flying fish, although in the past there have been tandem-wing flying reptiles.


Design principles

A tandem wing
configuration Configuration or configurations may refer to: Computing * Computer configuration or system configuration * Configuration file, a software file used to configure the initial settings for a computer program * Configurator, also known as choice board ...
has two main
wing A wing is a type of fin that produces both Lift (force), lift and drag while moving through air. Wings are defined by two shape characteristics, an airfoil section and a planform (aeronautics), planform. Wing efficiency is expressed as lift-to-d ...
planes, with one located forward and the other to the rear. The difference is greater than the wing chord, so there is a clear gap between them and the aircraft centre of gravity (CG) lies between the wings.Bottomley (1977) Compared to the conventional layout, where the tailplane exerts little or no vertical force in cruising flight, both tandem wings contribute substantially to lift. The basic tandem configuration uses wings which are equal in size and in line with each other. Examples have flown successfully, such as the Peyret glider of 1922. However the rear wing is usually placed either above or below the fore wing, in order to avoid its turbulent wake. One wing is often made a little smaller than the other, according to the details of the design. Indeed, there are no clear dividing lines between the conventional vs. tandem, or the tandem vs. canard configurations.Miles (1944) The high-mounted fore wing and low-mounted aft wing arrangement is also sometimes treated as an extreme staggered biplane and referred to as the Nénandovich biplane. Interference effects between the two wings can make a tandem layout less efficient in cruise than the equivalent conventional design, however examples such as the Scaled Composites Proteus are capable of exceptional efficiency. The tandem layout creates a "slot effect" in which the front wing deflects air downwards over the rear wing, reducing the angle of attack (AoA) of the rear. At high aircraft AoA, this causes the front wing to stall first, allowing safer flight at low speeds than the equivalent conventional layout. It also offers good STOL performance. Tandem wings have also been used on ground-effect vehicles, where the front wing is used to direct air downwards beneath the rear wing to create a lifting air cushion.


Stability, control and trim

In a tandem wing the lift forces on the two wings are separated longitudinally, allowing them to act together to achieve stability, control and trim. The mechanisms of stability and control for a tandem wing are similar to those for the tail-first or canard layout; the distinction is mainly in the relative size of the forward surface. However, the larger trim forces available compared to a smaller tailplane or foreplane mean that a tandem design can offer a greater range of trim conditions, and hence of centre of gravity (CG) location than other layouts, which can offer a practical solution where weight loadings and distributions may vary during operations. However a wide CG range leads to other problems, including a compatible undercarriage layout and safe stalling characteristics.


Joined wing

The joined wing is a tandem-wing layout in which the front wing sweeps back and/or the rear wing sweeps forwards such that they join at or near the tips to form a continuous surface in a hollow diamond or triangle shape. The joined wing is also an example of a
closed wing A closed wing is a wing that effectively has two main planes that merge at their ends so that there are no conventional wing tips. Closed Wing configuration, wing designs include the annular wing (commonly known as the cylindrical or ring wing), the ...
. The Ligeti Stratos is a rare example to have flown.


Structural design

In a conventional layout, the moment arm of the outer section's lifting load is large, and this stresses the root section. However, in a tandem design each wing is smaller and the outer load is absent. This allows the wing structure to be lighter overall. In a conventional design, the fuselage is supported only in one place, with the fore and aft fuselage sections cantilevered out from it. This creates significant bending stresses. A tandem wing supports the same fuselage in two places, reducing the bending stresses. However the torsion stresses on the centre section between the wings are greater. Because it is more compact, the tandem-wing structure is stiffer overall, meaning that less allowance needs to be made for bending, and a smaller safety margin in stress levels is possible, allowing yet further weight and cost reduction.


History


Pioneers

The tandem wing configuration predates successful manned flight. As far back as the fifteenth century, Tito Livio Burraitni experimented with a tandem-wing model. Four sets of wings in tandem variously provided lift and propulsion, and Burraitni's cat became the first aeronaut to fly in a tandem design. Having also flown simpler fore-and-aft tandem models of up to in span, in 1903 Samuel Pierpont Langley built a full-size tandem-wing monoplane, the
Aerodrome An aerodrome, airfield, or airstrip is a location from which aircraft flight operations take place, regardless of whether they involve air cargo, passengers, or neither, and regardless of whether it is for public or private use. Aerodromes inc ...
, and launched it from the roof of a houseboat. It failed to fly. After his death the
Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution ( ), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums, Education center, education and Research institute, research centers, created by the Federal government of the United States, U.S. government "for the increase a ...
sought to prove that he had flown in the weeks before the
Wright brothers The Wright brothers, Orville Wright (August 19, 1871 – January 30, 1948) and Wilbur Wright (April 16, 1867 – May 30, 1912), were American aviation List of aviation pioneers, pioneers generally credited with inventing, building, and flyin ...
, and employed successful planemaker
Glenn Curtiss Glenn Hammond Curtiss (May 21, 1878 – July 23, 1930) was an American aviation and motorcycling pioneer, and a founder of the U.S. aircraft industry. He began his career as a bicycle racer and builder before moving on to motorcycles. As early a ...
to secretly modify the aerodrome until it could fly, as "proof" that it had flown in 1903. Curtiss added floats and made other improvements, enabling it to undertake short hops as a true waterplane in 1914. The ruse was eventually exposed, yet the Smithsonian still sought to claim that the 1902 version had been "capable of flight". It would be many more years before they recanted. Several pioneers had long made successful gliders. In 1905 John J. Montgomery flew a tandem monoplane glider, confirming that the aerodynamic principle was sound. Powered flight followed two years later. In 1906
Louis Blériot Louis Charles Joseph Blériot ( , also , ; 1 July 1872 – 1 August 1936) was a French aviator, inventor, and engineer. He developed the first practical headlamp for cars and established a profitable business manufacturing them, using much of t ...
built his third aeroplane with tandem elliptical closed wings, later modifying it as his type IV with the fore wing converted into a conventional biplane. But it was not until the next year that his type VI, a wheeled tandem monoplane of broadly similar configuration to Langley's Aerodrome, became the first tandem-wing aeroplane to fly. Between 1907 and 1911, the aerodynamics studies of
Gustave Eiffel Alexandre Gustave Eiffel ( , ; Bonickhausen dit Eiffel; 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer. A graduate of École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, he made his name with various bridges for the French railway net ...
showed that the tandem layout was inherently less aerodynamically efficient that the more conventional.Poulsen (1943) Overlapping with Eiffel's work, Stefan Drzewiecki developed and wind-tunnel tested an inherently stable tandem-wing design. He then built and successfully flew a full-sized example at the end of 1912.


Interwar period

Experimental tandem-wing aircraft continued to be built after World War I. The Caproni Ca.60 prototype flying boat comprised a long passenger-carrying hull to which were attached in tandem three stacks of triplane wings from the successful Ca.4 line of heavy bombers and airliners, earning it the nickname "Capronissimo". However it broke up on its first attempted takeoff in 1921. The first fully controllable tandem-wing type was the French-built Peyret tandem glider, which won the first British gliding competition in 1922. Peyret's novel control system comprised full-span trailing edge surfaces on all four wings. These operated in pairs on each side as ailerons, in pairs fore and aft as elevators, and synchronously as flaps for low-speed flight. The system proved effective and, despite the glider being less efficient than the conventional high-aspect-ratio entries, it proved more controllable and manoeuvrable. This enabled the pilot M. Maneyrol to remain in updraughts for longer than the others. Although Peyret continued to develop the design, in both gliders and powered types, they remained a curiosity. The SFCA continued the work of Peyret after he died, adopting his control system. Their Taupin first flew in 1933. Its design proved practical and some 52 examples were produced. Meanwhile
Henri Mignet Henri Mignet (19 October 1893 – 31 August 1965) was a French radio engineer who became well known as an aircraft designer and builder.Ellis & Jones (1990)Plane and Pilot: ''1978 Aircraft Directory'', page 142. Werner & Werner Corp, Santa Mon ...
was taking a very different approach to flight control. Intended for amateurs to build at home, his Pou-du-Ciel (flying flea) had a novel two-axis control system to make it easy to fly. No ailerons were needed because when the rudder was operated, yaw-roll coupling ensured that the plane banked into a turn. For pitch control the whole front wing tilted to act as a canard elevator. Introduced at much the same time as the Taupin, it became a craze, hundreds were built and variations developed in many countries. However stability issues relating to the variable front wing could lead to lethal crashes in the hands of the novice pilot, and the type eventually fell out of favour.


World War II period

During the late 1930s, Maurice Delanne was working on tandem-wing designs. He proposed a fighter, the Delanne 10, featuring a gulled forward wing and twin fins on the tips of the low-set and slightly shorter-span rear wing. He first built two examples of a smaller aerodynamic test aircraft, the Delanne 20-T, which flew in 1938. The Arsenal de l'Aéronautique then constructed a prototype fighter, the Arsenal-Delanne 10. It was completed and test-flown after the German invasion of France, and was then taken to Germany for further testing. Meanwhile
Westland Aircraft Westland Aircraft was a British aircraft manufacturer located in Yeovil, Somerset. Formed as a separate company by separation from Petters Limited just before the start of the Second World War, Westland had been building aircraft since 1915. Du ...
were considering a modification of the
Lysander Lysander (; ; 454 BC – 395 BC) was a Spartan military and political leader. He destroyed the Athenian fleet at the Battle of Aegospotami in 405 BC, forcing Athens to capitulate and bringing the Peloponnesian War to an end. He then played ...
light observation and liaison aircraft, by adding a rear gun turret to give it some protection from attack. The Lysander already had a suitable main wing, so to support the weight of the turret Westland thought of adding a Delanne-type rear wing. By now hostilities had started but France had not yet fallen. Chief Designer W. E. W. "Teddy" Petter and Chief Test Pilot Harald Penrose flew to Paris, where Penrose flew one of the 20-Ts and reported favourably on its handling. The tandem Lysander was not completed until 1941, when Penrose began test flights. Although it performed flawlessly – he wrote that "here was a military prototype that needed no alteration" – it was not ordered into production. George Miles saw the tandem Lysander at RAF Boscombe Down and realised its potential as a short-span, short-take-off Naval fighter. The ensuing Miles M.35 Libellula test aircraft differed from the Delanne design in having wings of approximately equal span, but with the rear wing given a longer chord and swept back. Although the design was rejected, it flew well enough to prompt development of the larger M.39B, a subscale test aircraft for the proposed M.39 high-speed bomber to meet Specification B.11/41. This time the fore wing was smaller and mounted low, while the swept rear wing was high-mounted with twin engine nacelles slung beneath. Flying in 1943 it performed well, but the bomber requirement was subsequently cancelled.


Postwar

After WWII, interest returned to the Flying Flea's tilting forewing concept and, with its worst dangers now understood and fixed, designers have continued to develop the idea, typically still for home construction. The Curtiss-Wright X-19 of 1963 marked the entry of the tandem wing configuration into the VTOL arena, as a quadrotor convertiplane, with large tilting proprotors mounted on each wing tip. It proved overly complex and unreliable for the technology of the day. Other tandem approaches such as the Delanne were largely forgotten, until David Lockspeiser conceived of his Land Development Aircraft, a low-cost utility transport. It was to utilise three interchangeable wing component; one each mounted high up for the left and right rear wings, and a third fore wing mounted centrally beneath the nose. His prototype LDA-01 flew in 1971. It proved successful enough to develop for production, but the project ended before it could be modified. The next breakthrough to manufacture came once again in the homebuilt market. Up-and-coming maverick designer
Burt Rutan Elbert Leander "Burt" Rutan (; born June 17, 1943) is a retired American aerospace engineer and entrepreneur noted for his originality in designing light, strong, unusual-looking, and energy-efficient air and space craft. He designed the recor ...
was working on a low-powered but highly efficient plane for home construction. The tandem layout offered a low-drag fixed undercarriage installation, by placing the main wheels in housings at the tips of the fore wing and applying anhedral to raise the fuselage high enough for a propeller. The high-mounted rear wing had compensating dihedral. The Quickie first flew in 1977 and the next year won the EAA's Outstanding New Design Award at Oshkosh. It became popular, and several variants subsequently appeared. Rutan set up
Scaled Composites Scaled Composites (often called simply Scaled) is an American aerospace company founded by Burt Rutan and currently owned by Northrop Grumman. It is located at the Mojave Air and Space Port in Mojave, California, United States. Founded to d ...
and some of the company's later designs were also tandems.


List of tandem-wing aircraft

:''This list is incomplete. Please help by expanding it'' , - , Airbus A³ Vahana , , US , , Propeller , , Private , , 2018 , , Prototype , , 2 , , Tiltwing personal air vehicle. , - , Arsenal-Delanne 10 , , France , , Propeller , , Fighter , , 1940 , , Prototype , , 1 , , , - , Blériot III/IV , , France , , Propeller , , Experimental , , 1906 , , Project , , 1 , , Failed to fly as either the III or IV. , - , Blériot VI , , France , , Propeller , , Experimental , , 1907 , , Prototype , , 1 , , , - , Caproni Ca.60 , , Italy , , Propeller , , Transport , , 1921 , , Prototype , , 1 , , Nine-wing triple-tandem triplane. , - , Croses Pouplume , , France , , Propeller , , , , 1960 , , Home build , , , , Ultralight , - , Curtiss-Wright X-19 , , US , , Propeller , , Experimental , , 1963 , , Prototype , , 2 , , Four-engined tiltrotor convertiplane , - , Delanne 20-T , , France , , Propeller , , Experimental , , 1938 , , Prototype , , 2 , , Test plane for the Arsenal-Delanne 10 fighter. , - , Moscow Aviation Institute Sh-Tandem , , USSR , , Prototype , , Attack , , 1937 , , Prototype , , 1 , , Also known as the Grushin Sh-Tandem. MAI-3.Gordon, Yefim and Gunston, Bill; ''Soviet X-Planes'', Midland, 2000. pp.62-3. , - ,
Langley Aerodrome The Langley Aerodrome is a pioneering but unsuccessful manned, tandem wing-configuration powered flying machine, designed at the close of the 19th century by Smithsonian Institution Secretary Samuel Langley. The U.S. Army paid $50,000 for the pr ...
, , US , , Propeller , , Experimental , , 1902 , , Project , , 1 , , Failed to take off. , - , Ligeti Stratos , , Australia , , Propeller , , Private , , 1985 , , Prototype , , 2 , , Joined wing. (Cited in main text) , - , Lockspeiser LDA-01 , , UK , , Propeller , , Utility , , 1971 , , Prototype , , 1 , , , - , Mauboussin Hémiptère , , France , , Propeller , , Experimental , , 1936 , , Prototype , , 1 , , , - , Mignet Pou-du-Ciel , , France , , Propeller , , Private , , 1933 , , Homebuilt , , , , , - , Miles M.35 Libellula , , UK , , Propeller , , Experimental , , 1942, , Prototype , , 1 , , proof of concept for carrier fighter , - , Miles M.39B Libellula , , UK , , Propeller , , Experimental , , 1943 , , Prototype , , 1 , , scale prototype for tandem wing jet bomber , - , Montgomery Aeroplane ''The Santa Clara'' , , US , , Glider , , Experimental , , 1905 , , Prototype , , 1 , , , - , Payen PA-22 , , France , , Propeller , , Experimental , , 1942 , , Prototype , , 1 , , Delta rear wing. Begun prewar. , - , Peyret Tandem , , France , , Glider , , Private , , 1922 , , Prototype , , 1 , , Won the 1922 British Glider Competition. , - , Peyret VI , , France , , Propeller , , Experimental , , 1933 , , Prototype , , 1 , , Forerunner of the SFCA Taupin. , - , Piel CP-10 Pinocchio , , France , , Propeller , , Private , , 1948 , , Prototype , , 1 , , Similar to the Mignet Pou du Ciel. , - , QAC Quickie Q2 series , , US , , Propeller , , Private , , 1980 , , Homebuilt , , , , Derivatives of the Rutan Quickie. , - , Rutan Quickie , , US , , Propeller , , Private , , 1978 , , Homebuilt , , , , , - ,
Salmon Tandem Monoplane The Salmon Tandem Monoplane was a single-seat sport aeroplane produced for the 1923 Lympne light aircraft trials. The aeroplane failed to fly. Development With prizes worth a total of £2,150, the Lympne light aircraft trials, Lympne light airc ...
, , UK , , Propeller , , Private , , 1923 , , Prototype , , 1 , , , - , Scaled Composites ATTT , , US , , Propeller , , Experimental , , 1986 , , Prototype , , 1 , , , - , Scaled Composites Proteus , , US , , Jet , , Experimental , , 1998 , , Prototype , , 1 , , High-altitude endurance. , - , SFCA Taupin , , France , , Propeller , , Private , , 1936 , , Production , , 53 , , , - , SFCA Lignel 44 , , France , , Propeller , , Private , , 1946 , , Prototype , , 1 , , 4-seat development of the Taupin. , - , Viking Dragonfly , , US , , Propeller , , Private , , 1980 , , Homebuilt , , , , , - , Westland P.12 Lysander Delanne , , UK , , Propeller , , Utility , , 1940 , , Prototype , , 1 , , Modified Lysander to include rear wing and gun turret.


Tandem wings in nature


Insects

Several orders of flying insects employ tandem wings, each with its characteristic
anatomy Anatomy () is the branch of morphology concerned with the study of the internal structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old scien ...
and flight modes.
Insect Insects (from Latin ') are Hexapoda, hexapod invertebrates of the class (biology), class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (Insect morphology#Head, head, ...
s with tandem flapping wings include the
Odonata Odonata is an order of predatory flying insects that includes the dragonflies and damselflies (as well as the '' Epiophlebia'' damsel-dragonflies). The two major groups are distinguished with dragonflies (Anisoptera) usually being bulkier with ...
(
dragonflies A dragonfly is a flying insect belonging to the infraorder Anisoptera below the order Odonata. About 3,000 extant species of dragonflies are known. Most are tropical, with fewer species in temperate regions. Loss of wetland habitat threate ...
and
damselflies Damselflies are flying insects of the suborder Zygoptera in the order Odonata. They are similar to dragonflies (which constitute the other odonatan suborder, Epiprocta) but are usually smaller and have slimmer bodies. Most species fold the win ...
),
Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) or lepidopterans is an order (biology), order of winged insects which includes butterflies and moths. About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing 10% of the total described species of living organ ...
(
butterflies Butterflies are winged insects from the lepidopteran superfamily Papilionoidea, characterized by large, often brightly coloured wings that often fold together when at rest, and a conspicuous, fluttering flight. The oldest butterfly fossi ...
and
moths Moths are a group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies. They were previously classified as suborder Heterocera, but the group is paraphyletic with respect to butterflies (suborder Rhopalocera) a ...
) and some Thysanoptera or Thrips. Odonata species typically have long, thin wings and can synchronise the flapping of fore and aft pairs in various different modes, allowing them to be both fast and highly manoeuvrable. By comparison the Lepidoptera have wider wings which are flapped in synchrony and may even overlap in flight, and are better suited to endurance flying. Thrips are smaller insects and the flying species have relatively stiff wings. Due to their small size, they generate lift via clap and fling flapping rather than the usual leading-edge vortex generation of most insects. Many flying beetles, such as the
ladybird Coccinellidae () is a widespread family of small beetles. They are commonly known as ladybugs in North America and ladybirds in the United Kingdom; "lady" refers to mother Mary. Entomologists use the names ladybird beetles or lady beetles ...
, have forward wing cases which open out in flight but do not flap significantly. While on the ground they protect the delicate main, hind wings, while in the air they may be used to modify the aerodynamics of the flapping main wing.Geisler, Tomasz (2012);
Analysis of the Structure and Mechanism of Wing Folding and Flexion in Xylotupes Gideon Beetle (L. 1767) (Coloptera, Scarabaeditae)
, ''Acta Mechanica et Automatica'', Vol.6 No.3, 2012.


Flying fish

Flying fish The Exocoetidae are a family (biology), family of Saltwater fish, marine Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish in the order (biology), order Beloniformes, known colloquially as flying fish or flying cod. About 64 species are grouped in seven genus, ge ...
have enlarged
pectoral fin Fins are moving appendages protruding from the body of fish that interact with water to generate thrust and help the fish aquatic locomotion, swim. Apart from the tail or caudal fin, fish fins have no direct connection with the vertebral column ...
s and are capable of gliding flight, though not of true flapping flight. Some species, such as the band-wing, also have sufficiently enlarged
pelvic fin Pelvic fins or ventral fins are paired fins located on the ventral (belly) surface of fish, and are the lower of the only two sets of paired fins (the other being the laterally positioned pectoral fins). The pelvic fins are homologous to the hi ...
s, further back along their bodies, to form a tandem layout.


Dinosaurs

''
Microraptor ''Microraptor'' (Greek language, Greek, μικρός, ''mīkros'': "small"; Latin language, Latin, ''raptor'': "one who seizes") is a genus of small, four-winged dromaeosaurid dinosaurs. Numerous well-preserved fossil specimens have been recovere ...
'' was a genus of tandem-winged
dinosaur Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic Geological period, period, between 243 and 233.23 million years ago (mya), although the exact origin and timing of the #Evolutio ...
s, possibly only a single species. It is known only from the fossil record, principally in China. Both fore and hind limbs were covered in flight feathers and it is thought to have been capable of true flapping flight as well as gliding. Its flight mode is not known.


See also

* Stagger (aeronautics)


References


Citations


Bibliography

*Bottomley, J. W. (1977). "Tandem-Wing Aircraft", ''Aerospace'', vol. 4, October 1977. pp. 12–20. *Miles, George H. (1944). *Poulsen, C. M. (1943). "The Tandem Monoplane: Does it Still Have a Future? Some Past Experiences Recalled", ''Flight'', 12 August 1943, pp. 167–8. (Archive
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