A system of plant taxonomy, the Takhtajan system of plant classification was published by

Armen Takhtajan Armen Leonovich Takhtajan or Takhtajian (; surname also transliterated Takhtadjan, Takhtadzhi︠a︡n or Takhtadzhian, pronounced takh-tuh-JAHN; 10 June 1910 – 13 November 2009), was a Soviet- Armenian botanist, one of the most important fi ...

, in several versions from the 1950s onwards. It is usually compared to the

Cronquist system The Cronquist system is a list of systems of plant taxonomy, taxonomic classification system of angiosperms, flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of ...

. It admits

paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

groups.

Systems

The first classification was published in Russian in 1954, and came to the attention of the rest of the world after publication of an English translation in 1958 as ''Origin of Angiospermous Plants''. Further versions appeared in 1959 (''Die Evolution der Angiospermen'') and 1966 (''Sistema i filogeniia tsvetkovykh rastenii''). The latter popularised Takhtajan's system when it appeared in English in 1969 (Flowering plants: Origin and dispersal). A further revision appeared in 1980.

1966 system

* Magnoliophyta ( Angiospermae) p. 51 ** Class: Magnoliatae (

Dicotyledones The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or, more rarely, dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants (angiosperms) were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group: namely, ...

) p. 51 ** Class: Liliatae ( Monocotyledones) p. 461 *** Subclass A: Alismidae p. 461 *** Subclass B: Liliidae p. 473 (was ''nom. nov.'') **** Superorder Lilianae p. 473 (was ''nom. nov.'') ***** Order

Liliales Liliales is an order (biology), order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web List of systems of plant classification, system, within the lilioid monocots. This order of necessity includ ...

p. 473 ****** Family

Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fai ...

p. 474 ****** Family Xanthorrhoeaceae p. 476 ****** Family Aphyllanthaceae p. 476 ****** Family Alliaceae p. 477 ****** Family Agavaceae p. 478 ****** Family

Amaryllidaceae The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus '' Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryl ...

p. 480 ****** Family Alstroemeriaceae p. 481 ****** Family Haemodoraceae p. 482 ****** Family Hypoxidaceae p. 483 ****** Family Velloziaceae p. 483 ****** Family Philesiaceae p. 484 ****** Family

Tecophilaeaceae Tecophilaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. It consists of nine genera with a total of 27 species. The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG IV system of 2016 (u ...

p. 484 ****** Family Cyanastraceae p. 485 ****** Family

Asparagaceae Asparagaceae (), known as the asparagus family, is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus, '' Asparagus officinalis''. This family includes both ...

p. 486 ****** Family Smilacaceae p. 487 ****** Family Stemonaceae p. 487 ****** Family Dioscoreaceae p. 488 ****** Family Taccaceae p. 489 ****** Family Phylydraceae p. 491 ****** Family Pontederiaceae p. 490 ***** Order Bromeliales p. 492 ***** Order Iridales p. 494 ***** Order

Zingiberales The Zingiberales are flowering plants forming one of four orders in the commelinids clade of monocots, together with its sister order, Commelinales. The order includes 68 genera and 2,600 species. Zingiberales are a unique though morpholog ...

p. 498 ***** Order Orchidales p. 505 **** Superorder Juncanae p. 510 *** Subclass C: Commelinidae p. 461 *** Subclass D: Arecidae p. 525

1997 system

As published in ''Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants'' * Division Magnoliophyta (2 classes, 17 subclasses, 71 superorders, 232 orders, 589 families ** Class Magnoliopsida Brongn. (1843) ( Dicotyledons) 11 subclasses, 55 superorders, 175 orders, 458 families *** Subclass Magnoliidae Novak ex Takht. (1967) *** Subclass Nymphaeidae J.W. Walker ex Takht. (1997) *** Subclass Nelumbonidae Takht. (1997) *** Subclass Ranunculidae Takht. ex Reveal (1992) *** Subclass Caryophyllidae Takht. (1967) *** Subclass Hamamelididae Takht. (1967) *** Subclass Dilleniidae Takht. ex Reveal & Tahkt. (1993) *** Subclass Rosidae Takht. (1967) *** Subclass Cornidae Frohne & U. Jensen ex Reveal (1994) *** Subclass Asteridae Takht. (1967) *** Subclass Lamiidae Takht. ex Reveal (1993) ** Class Liliopsida Batsch (1802) ( Monocotyledons) 6 subclasses, 16 superorders, 57 orders, 131 families *** Subclass Liliidae Takht. (1967) **** Superorder Lilianae Takht. (1967) 14 orders ***** Order

Melanthiales Melanthiales Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link, Link (melanthoid lilies) was an Order (biology), order of monocotyledons, whose name and botanical authority is derived by typification from the description of the Type (biology), type Family (biology), ...

R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992) ***** Order Colchicales Dumort. (1829) ***** Order Trilliales Takht. (1996) ***** Order

Perleb (1826) ****** Family

Juss., nom. cons. (1789) ****** Family Medeolaceae (S. Wats.) Takht. (1987) ***** Order Alstroemeriales Hutch. (1934) ***** Order Iridales Raf. (1815) ***** Order Tecophilaeales Traub ex Reveal (1993) ***** Order Burmanniales Heintze (1927) ***** Order Hypoxidales Takht., nom. inval. (1997) ***** Order Orchidales Raf. (1815) ***** Order Amaryllidales Bromhead (1840) ***** Order

Asparagales Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) are a diverse order of flowering plants in the monocots. Under the APG IV system of flowering plant classification, Asparagales are the largest order of monocots with 14 families, 1,122 genera, and about 36,00 ...

Bromhead (1838) ***** Order Xanthorrhoeales Takth., nom. inval. (1997) ***** Order Hanguanales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992) **** Superorder Dioscoreanae Takht. ex Reveal & Doweld (1999) *** Subclass Commelinidae Takht. (1967) *** Subclass Arecidae Takht. (1967) *** Subclass Alismatidae Takht. (1967) *** Subclass Triurididae Takht. ex Reveal (1992) *** Subclass Aridae Takht. (1997)

2009 system

As published in ''Flowering Plants'' *

Phylum In biology, a phylum (; : phyla) is a level of classification, or taxonomic rank, that is below Kingdom (biology), kingdom and above Class (biology), class. Traditionally, in botany the term division (taxonomy), division has been used instead ...

Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) Cronquist, Takht. & Zimmerm. ex Reveal (1996) ** Class Magnoliopsida Brongn. (1843) ( Dicotyledons) p. 7 *** Subclass I. Magnoliidae p. 11 **** Superorder Nymphaeanae **** Superorder Magnolianae **** Superorder Lauranae **** Superorder Piperanae **** Superorder Rafflesianae *** Subclass II. Ranunculidae p. 69 **** Superorder Proteanae **** Superorder Ranunculanae *** Subclass III. Hamamelididae p. 101 **** Superorder Hamamelidanae **** Superorder Juglandanae *** Subclass IV. Caryophyllidae p. 129 **** Superorder Caryophyllanae **** Superorder Polygonanae **** Superorder Nepenthanae *** Subclass V. Dilleniidae p. 167 **** Superorder Dillenianae **** Superorder Ericanae **** Superorder Violanae **** Superorder Capparanae **** Superorder Malvanae **** Superorder Euphorbianae *** Subclass VI. Rosidae p. 293 **** Superorder Rosanae **** Superorder Myrtanae **** Superorder Fabanae **** Superorder Rutanae **** Superorder Celastranae **** Superorder Santalanae **** Superorder Balanophoranae **** Superorder Rhamnanae *** Subclass VII. Asteridae p. 435 **** Superorder Cornanae **** Superorder Asperanae *** Subclass VIII. Lamiidae p. 511 **** Superorder Lamianae ** Class Liliopsida Scop. (1760) ( Monocotyledons) p. 595 *** Subclass I: Alismatidae p. 589 **** Superorder Petrosavianae **** Superorder Alismatanae **** Superorder Aranae *** Subclass II: Liliidae Takht. (1966) p. 625 **** Superorder Lilianae Takht. (1966) ***** Order

R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992) ***** Order Trilliales Takht. (1996) ***** Order

Perleb (1826) ****** 1. Family Campynemataceae ****** 2. Family

Colchicaceae Colchicaceae is a family of flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; ...

****** 3. Family Tricyrtidaceae ****** 4. Family Scoliopaceae p. 634 ****** 5. Family Calochortaceae p. 634 ****** 6. Family

Juss., nom. cons. (1789) p. 634 ****** 7. Family Medeolaceae (S. Wats.) Takht. (1987) p. 634 ***** Order Burmanniales ***** Order Alstroemeriales Hutch. (1934) ***** Order Smilacales ***** Order Orchidales ***** Order Iridales ***** Order Amaryllidales ***** Order

**** Superorder Pandananae **** Superorder Dioscoreanae Takht., nom. inval. (1997) **** Superorder Arecanae *** Subclass III: Arecidae p. 693 **** Superorder Arecanae *** Subclass IV: Commelinidae p. 699 **** Superorder Bromelianae **** Superorder Zingiberanae **** Superorder Commelinanae **** Superorder Juncanae **** Superorder Poanae

References

Bibliography

* * * * * ; Works by Takhtajan * * * ** * * *

External links

* Takhtajan system a
CSDL, Texas
Also, at the Norton Brown Herbarium, Maryland (with an extensive listing of synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system)

Angiosperm Classification according to Armen Takhtajan, 1966
{{List of systems of plant taxonomy system, Takhtajan