A system of plant taxonomy, the Takhtajan system of plant classification was published by Armen Takhtajan, in several versions from the 1950s onwards. It is usually compared to the

Cronquist system The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) ...

. It admits

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

groups.

Systems

The first classification was published in Russian in 1954,and came to the attention of the rest of the world after publication of an English translation in 1958 as ''Origin of Angiospermous Plants''. Further versions appeared in 1959 (''Die Evolution der Angiospermen'') and 1966 (''Sistema i filogeniia tsvetkovykh rastenii''). The latter popularised Takhtajan's system when it appeared in English in 1969 (Flowering plants: Origin and dispersal). A further revision appeared in 1980.

1966 system

* Magnoliophyta ( Angiospermae) p. 51 ** Class: Magnoliatae ( Dicotyledones) p. 51 ** Class: Liliatae ( Monocotyledones) p. 461 *** Subclass A:

Alismidae {{Short description, Subclass of flowering plants Alismatidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being t ...

p. 461 *** Subclass B:

Liliidae Liliidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being that it includes the family Liliaceae. Liliidae in ...

p. 473 (was ''nom. nov.'') **** Superorder Lilianae p. 473 (was ''nom. nov.'') ***** Order

Liliales Liliales is an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web system, within the lilioid monocots. This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae. The APG III system (2009) plac ...

p. 473 ****** Family

Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a f ...

p. 474 ****** Family Xanthorrhoeaceae p. 476 ****** Family Aphyllanthaceae p. 476 ****** Family Alliaceae p. 477 ****** Family Agavaceae p. 478 ****** Family

Amaryllidaceae The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus '' Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryl ...

p. 480 ****** Family

Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeriaceae is a family of flowering plants, with 254 known species in four genera (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ), almost entirely native to the Americas, from Central America to southern South America. One species of '' Luzuriaga'' occurs in ...

p. 481 ****** Family Haemodoraceae p. 482 ****** Family Hypoxidaceae p. 483 ****** Family

Velloziaceae Velloziaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Pandanales. Relationships and evolution By contrast to o ...

p. 483 ****** Family Philesiaceae p. 484 ****** Family

Tecophilaeaceae Tecophilaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. It consists of nine genera with a total of 27 species. The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG IV system of 2016 ...

p. 484 ****** Family Cyanastraceae p. 485 ****** Family

Asparagaceae Asparagaceae, known as the asparagus family, is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus, '' Asparagus officinalis''. Those who live in the temperate ...

p. 486 ****** Family

Smilacaceae Smilacaceae, the greenbriers, is a family of flowering plants. While they were often assigned to a more broadly defined family Liliaceae, most recent botanists have accepted the two as distinct families, diverging around 55 million years ago dur ...

p. 487 ****** Family Stemonaceae p. 487 ****** Family Dioscoreaceae p. 488 ****** Family Taccaceae p. 489 ****** Family Phylydraceae p. 491 ****** Family Pontederiaceae p. 490 ***** Order Bromeliales p. 492 ***** Order

Iridales Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) is an order of plants in modern classification systems such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web. The order takes its name from the type family Asparagaceae and is placed i ...

p. 494 ***** Order

Zingiberales The Zingiberales are flowering plants forming one of four orders in the commelinids clade of monocots, together with its sister order, Commelinales. The order includes 68 genera and 2,600 species. Zingiberales are a unique though morphol ...

p. 498 ***** Order Orchidales p. 505 **** Superorder Juncanae p. 510 *** Subclass C: Commelinidae p. 461 *** Subclass D: Arecidae p. 525

1997 system

As published in ''Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants'' * Division Magnoliophyta (2 classes, 17 subclasses, 71 superorders, 232 orders, 589 families ** Class Magnoliopsida Brongn. (1843) (

Dicotyledons The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or, more rarely, dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants (angiosperms) were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group: namely, t ...

) 11 subclasses, 55 superorders, 175 orders, 458 families *** Subclass Magnoliidae Novak ex Takht. (1967) *** Subclass Nymphaeidae J.W. Walker ex Takht. (1997) *** Subclass Nelumbonidae Takht. (1997) *** ... *** Subclass Asteridae Takht. (1967) *** Subclass

Lamiidae The order Lamiales (also known as the mint order) are an order in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It includes about 23,810 species, 1,059 genera, and is divided into about 25 families. These families include Acanthaceae, ...

Takht. ex Reveal (1993) ** Class

Liliopsida Liliopsida Batsch (synonym: Liliatae) is a botanical name for the class containing the family Liliaceae (or Lily Family). It is considered synonymous (or nearly synonymous) with the name monocotyledon. Publication of the name is credited to Scopo ...

Batsch (1802) (

Monocotyledons Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, ( Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of ...

) 6 subclasses, 16 superorders, 57 orders, 131 families *** Subclass

Takht. (1967) **** Superorder Lilianae Takht. (1967) 14 orders ***** Order Melanthiales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992) ***** Order Colchicales Dumort. (1829) ***** Order Trilliales ''Takht.'' (1996) ***** Order

Perleb (1826) ****** Family

Juss., nom. cons. (1789) ****** Family

Medeolaceae The Medeoloideae (syn. Medeoleae) are a subfamily of monocotyledon perennial, herbaceous mainly bulbous flowering plants in the lily family, Liliaceae. Description The Medeoleae are characterised by rhizomatous stems, inconspicuous flowers, t ...

(S. Wats.) Takht. (1987) ***** Order Alstroemeriales Hutch. (1934) ***** .... ***** Order

Asparagales Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) is an order of plants in modern classification systems such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web. The order takes its name from the type family Asparagaceae and is placed in t ...

Bromhead (1838) ***** Order Xanthorrhoeales Takth., nom. inval. (1997) ***** Order Hanguanales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992) **** Superorder Dioscoreanae Takht. ex Reveal & Doweld (1999) *** Subclass Commelinidae Takht. (1967) *** Subclass Arecidae Takht. (1967) *** Subclass

Alismatidae {{Short description, Subclass of flowering plants Alismatidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being t ...

Takht. (1967) *** Subclass Triurididae Takht. ex Reveal (1992) *** Subclass Aridae Takht. (1997)

2009 system

As published in ''Flowering Plants'' *

Phylum In biology, a phylum (; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclatu ...

Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) Cronquist, Takht. & Zimmerm. ex Reveal (1996) ** Class Magnoliopsida Brongn. (1843) (

) p. 7 ** Class

Scop. (1760) (

) p. 595 *** Subclass I:

p. 589 *** Subclass II:

Takht. (1966) p. 625 **** Superorder Lilianae Takht. (1966) ***** Order Melanthiales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992) ***** Order Trilliales Takht. (1996) ***** Order

Perleb (1826) ****** 1. Family Campynemataceae ****** 2. Family Colchicaceae ****** 3. Family Tricyrtidaceae ****** 4. Family Scoliopaceae p. 634 ****** 5. Family

Calochortaceae The Calochortoideae are a subfamily of monocotyledon perennial, herbaceous and mainly bulbous flowering plants in the lily family, Liliaceae. Approximately the same group of species has been recognized as a separate family, Calochortaceae, in a f ...

p. 634 ****** 6. Family

Juss., nom. cons. (1789) p. 634 ****** 7. Family

(S. Wats.) Takht. (1987) p. 634 ***** Order Burmanniales ***** Order Alstroemeriales Hutch. (1934) ***** Order Smilacales ***** Order Orchidales ***** Order

***** Order Amaryllidales ***** Order

**** Superorder Pandananae **** Superorder Dioscoreanae Takht., nom. inval. (1997) **** Superorder Arecanae *** Subclass III: Arecidae p. 693 *** Subclass IV: Commelinidae p. 699

References

Bibliography

* * * * * ; Works by Takhtajan * * * ** * * *

External links

* Takhtajan system a
CSDL, Texas
Also, at the Norton Brown Herbarium, Maryland (with an extensive listing of synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system)

Angiosperm Classification according to Armen Takhtajan, 1966
{{List of systems of plant taxonomy system, Takhtajan