''Taipingjing'' ("Scriptures of the Great Peace") is the name of several different

Taoist Taoism or Daoism (, ) is a diverse philosophical and religious tradition indigenous to China, emphasizing harmony with the Tao ( zh, p=dào, w=tao4). With a range of meaning in Chinese philosophy, translations of Tao include 'way', 'road', ...

texts. At least two works were known by this title: :*, 12 Chapters, contents unknown, author: Gan Zhongke :*, 170 Chapters, only 57 of which survive via the Daozang, author: unknown ''Taipingjing'' usually refers to the work which has been preserved in the Daozang. It is considered to be a valuable resource for researching early Taoist beliefs and the society at the end of the

Eastern Han dynasty The Han dynasty was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China (202 BC9 AD, 25–220 AD) established by Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC ...

. Zhang Jue (d. 184), the leader of the

Yellow Turban Rebellion The Yellow Turban Rebellion, alternatively translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion, was a peasant revolt during the late Eastern Han dynasty of ancient China. The uprising broke out in 184 CE, during the reign of Emperor Ling. Although t ...

, taught "Taiping Taoism" () based on this work. The contents of the ''Taipingjing'' are diverse but it primarily deals with subjects such as heaven and earth, the five elements,

yin and yang Originating in Chinese philosophy, yin and yang (, ), also yinyang or yin-yang, is the concept of opposite cosmic principles or forces that interact, interconnect, and perpetuate each other. Yin and yang can be thought of as complementary an ...

and the

sexagenary cycle The sexagenary cycle, also known as the gānzhī (干支) or stems-and-branches, is a cycle of sixty terms, each corresponding to one year, thus amounting to a total of sixty years every cycle, historically used for recording time in China and t ...

Fundamental concepts in the ''Taipingjing''

The ''Taipingjing'' is a guide that reveals the proper methods to bring forward an era of great peace or equality, the "Great Peace", an idea which probably dates back to the

Warring States period The Warring States period in history of China, Chinese history (221 BC) comprises the final two and a half centuries of the Zhou dynasty (256 BC), which were characterized by frequent warfare, bureaucratic and military reforms, and ...

. The idea of the "Great Peace" became more prominent during the Han period. The main idea brought forward by the scriptures is that the world is in a terrible state of chaos. There is a loss of cosmic balance, and this is made obvious by omens such as droughts, floods, famines, epidemics and other natural disasters. There is also chaos in the courts of the imperial house, proven by recorded events such as freakish births (perhaps a hint at the meddling of eunuchs), all of which demonstrate Heaven's displeasure towards the mortal realm. Humans have been polluted by their sins and their ancestors' sins (evil accumulated through many generations). The Universe reciprocates the mortal realm's condition; for there to be balance again, the people must heal themselves and cultivate their inner Dao. Salvation lies in the hand of great princes known as Celestial Masters. Chinese antiquity was divided into three eras: High Antiquity, Middle Antiquity and Late Antiquity, but it was only High Antiquity that contained a time of Great Peace, maintained with the collaborative efforts of the rulers of that era and the Celestial Masters. There was no infant mortality, no bad harvests and the climate was convenient. This balance was so delicate that the suffering of one entity was enough to make things out of synch. The ''Taipingjing'' claimed that a better era than the one experienced by the Han dynasty can only begin with the emergence of a new healthy emperor, a new Heavenly Mandate and an end to evil omens.

The ''Taipingjing'' in the Han dynasty

There are two known versions of the ''Taipingjing'' that emerged during the Han dynasty. The first one was presented to Emperor Cheng of Han (32–7 BCE) under the title ''Tianguan li baoyuan Taiping jing''. It was written in this book that the House of Han was nearing the end of its cosmological cycle and that a new mandate was about to be presented to restore the dynasty. The book decrees that a man by the name of Chijing zi would bring and teach the ways of the Dao to the emperor.

Emperor Shun of Han Emperor Shun of Han (; 115 – 20 September 144) was an emperor of China, emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty and the eighth emperor of the Eastern Han. He reigned from December 125 to September 144. Emperor Shun (Prince Bao) was the only son o ...

(126–145 CE) also received similar scriptures called ''Taiping Qingling Shu'', which would later be used by Zhang Jue, the leader of the

. Xiang Zheng's memorial states that it was based on respect between Heaven and Earth and conformity with the Five Elements. Another version was called the ''Taiping Dongji jing'' and was supposedly introduced to the Celestial Master by Taishang Laojun.

The Wang Ming edition

There was no definitive modern edition of the ''Taipingjing'' until 1960, when Wang Ming published the ''Taipingjing Hejiao''. The Taiping Jing once contained 170 chapters divided into 10 parts (each containing 17 chapters). Each "part" is labelled by the ten Celestial Stems. However. the first two parts (37 chapters) and the last three parts (the last 51 chapters) are missing in Ming's modern edition. So, in actuality, only five parts remain, and of these parts, certain chapters have not been accounted for. Ming's edition also includes "Magic Texts" (divided into four chapters and 2133 magic characters) and some images. Some chapters follow the form of a dialogue between the Heavenly Teacher and the six zhenren, while others stick to the essay format, containing methods, instructions or notes. Perhaps the ''Taipingjing'' had many authors, hence the various writing styles in the chapters.

References

External links

''Tai-ping Jing''
{{Taoism footer Taoist texts