''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

of about thirty species of

evergreen In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, which ...

terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...

orchid Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering ...

s in the (

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Orchidaceae) distributed from

India India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the ...

, China, Japan,

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torr ...

, the

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its ca ...

and

Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , established_ ...

Description

Orchids in the genus ''Tainia'' are evergreen, terrestrial

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition ...

plants with upright, crowded, thin fleshy

pseudobulb The pseudobulb is a storage organ found in many epiphytic and terrestrial sympodial orchids. It is derived from a thickening of the part of a stem between leaf nodes and may be composed of just one internode or several, termed heteroblastic a ...

s. Each pseudobulb has a single, smooth or pleated leaf. The flower stalk emerges from the pseudobulb on the top of a leafless shoot and bears

resupinate Resupination is derived from the Latin word ''resupinus'', meaning "bent back with the face upward" or "on the back". "Resupination" is the noun form of the adjective "resupine" which means "being upside-down, supine or facing upward". The word " ...

yellowish, brownish, red or purple small to moderately large flowers. The

sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined ...

s and

petal Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''corolla''. Petals are usuall ...

s are similar in size and shape to each other and several flowers open simultaneously. The labellum is sometimes lobed but always has prominent ridges on its upper surface.

Taxonomy and naming

The genus ''Tainia'' was first formally described in 1825 by

Carl Ludwig Blume Charles Ludwig de Blume or Karl Ludwig von Blume (9 June 1796, Braunschweig – 3 February 1862, Leiden) was a Germany, German-Netherlands, Dutch botanist. He was born at Braunschweig in Germany, but studied at Leiden University and spent his ...

who published the description in ''Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië''. The name ''Tainia'' is an

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic p ...

word meaning "ribbon", "fillet", "band" or "stripe" but Blume's reason for giving this name is not known.

Species list

The following is a list of the species of ''Tainia'' currently accepted by the

World Checklist of Selected Plant Families The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (usually abbreviated to WCSP) is an "international collaborative programme that provides the latest peer reviewed and published opinions on the accepted scientific names and synonyms of selected pl ...

as of October 2014: * '' Tainia acuminata'' Aver. * '' Tainia bicornis'' (

Lindl. John Lindley FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist. Early years Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley w ...

) Rchb.f. * ''

Tainia cordifolia ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' Hook.f. - Vietnam, Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan * ''

Tainia cornuta ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' Aver. * ''

Tainia crassa ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' ( H.Turner) J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb - Peninsular Malaysia * ''

Tainia dunnii ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' Rolfe - Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang ** ''Tainia dunnii'' var. ''caterva'' ( T.P.Lin & W.M.Lin) T.P.Lin * ''

Tainia elliptica ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' Fukuy * ''

Tainia hennisiana ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' (

Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German Taxonomy (biology), taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South Ame ...

) P.F.Hunt - Myanmar * ''

Tainia hualienia ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' S.S.Ying - Taiwan * ''

Tainia latifolia ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' (

) Rchb.f. - Assam, Bangladesh, India, Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan ** ''Tainia latifolia ''subsp''. elongata'' ( J.J.Sm.) H.Turner - Sumatra, Java, Borneo ** ''Tainia latifolia ''subsp''. latifolia'' - Assam, Bangladesh, India, Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan ** ''Tainia latifolia ''subsp''. subintegra'' P.O'Byrne - Assam, Bangladesh, India, Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan * ''

Tainia laxiflora ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

Makino History Makino was established in 1937 by Tsunezo Makino in Japan, developing Japan's first numerically controlled (NC) milling machine in 1958 and Japan's first machining centre in 1966. The North American branch of Makino was formed thro ...

- Japan, Taiwan, Izu-shoto, Nansei-shoto (Ryukyu Islands) * ''

Tainia longiscapa ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' ( Seidenf.) J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb - Yunnan, Thailand, Vietnam, Hainan * ''

Tainia macrantha ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' Hook.f. - Guangxi, Guangdong, Vietnam * ''

Tainia maingayi ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, Terrestrial plant, terrestrial orchids in the (Family (biology), family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, ...

'' Hook.f. - Java, Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra * ''

Tainia marmorata ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' ( J.J.Sm.) J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb - Sulawesi * ''

Tainia megalantha ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' ( Tang & F.T.Wang) ined. - India, Bhutan, Assam * ''

Tainia minor ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' Hook.f. - Assam, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Yunnan, Tibet * ''

Tainia obpandurata ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' H.Turner - Sumatra, Borneo * ''

Tainia papuana ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, Terrestrial plant, terrestrial orchids in the (Family (biology), family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, ...

'' J.J.Sm. - New Guinea, Solomons * ''

Tainia paucifolia ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' (

Breda Breda () is a city and municipality in the southern part of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Brabant. The name derived from ''brede Aa'' ('wide Aa' or 'broad Aa') and refers to the confluence of the rivers Mark and Aa. Breda ...

) J.J.Sm. - Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo, Malaysia, Java, Sumatra * ''

Tainia ponggolensis ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' ( A.L.Lamb ex H.Turner) J.J.Wood & A.L.Lamb - Sabah * ''

Tainia purpureifolia ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' Carr - Borneo * ''

Tainia scapigera ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' ( Hook.f.) J.J.Sm. - Borneo * ''

Tainia serratiloba ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' Ormerod - western New Guinea * ''

Tainia simondii ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' ( Seidenf. ex Aver.) ined. - Vietnam * '' Tainia speciosa'' Blume - Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra * ''

Tainia trinervis ''Tainia trinervis'', commonly known as the ribbon orchid, is an evergreen, terrestrial plant with crowded pseudobulbs, each with a single smooth, shiny leaf and up to fourteen greenish to yellowish flowers with red or purplish stripes in the ...

'' Blume Rchb.f. - Maluku, New Guinea, Solomons, Queensland * ''

Tainia vegetissima ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, Terrestrial plant, terrestrial orchids in the (Family (biology), family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, ...

Ridl. Henry Nicholas Ridley CMG (1911), MA (Oxon), FRS, FLS, F.R.H.S. (10 December 1855 – 24 October 1956) was an English botanist, geologist and naturalist who lived much of his life in Singapore. He was instrumental in promoting rubber trees i ...

- Malaysia, Borneo * ''

Tainia wrayana ''Tainia'', commonly known as ribbon orchids or 带唇兰属 (dai chun lan shu) is a genus of about thirty species of evergreen, terrestrial orchids in the ( family Orchidaceae) distributed from India, China, Japan, Southeast Asia to New ...

'' ( Hook.f.) J.J.Sm. - Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Sumatra

Distribution and habitat

Orchids in the genus ''Tainia'' grow in high rainfall, shady forests. They are found in

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

and Japan, then south from

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

, Australia and some

Pacific Islands Collectively called the Pacific Islands, the islands in the Pacific Ocean are further categorized into three major island groups: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Depending on the context, the term ''Pacific Islands'' may refer to one of ...

. Thirteen species, of which two are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found els ...

are found in China. The only Australian specis, '' T. trinervis'' also occurs in New Guinea and some Pacific Islands.

References

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q2867938 Collabieae genera