TWA Flight 514
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Trans World Airlines Flight 514 was a Boeing 727-231 en route from
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and
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to Washington Dulles International that crashed into Mount Weather,
Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States between the East Coast of the United States ...
, on December 1, 1974. All 92 occupants aboard, and 7 crew members, were killed. In stormy conditions late in the morning, the aircraft was in controlled flight and impacted a low mountain northwest of its revised destination. The accident was one of two crashes involving Boeing 727 aircraft in the United States that day, the other being the crash of
Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 6231 Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 6231 was the fatal crash of a Boeing 727 in the Eastern United States, eastern United States on December 1, 1974 in Harriman State Park (New York), Harriman State Park near Stony Point, New York, just north of th ...
later that evening near Haverstraw, New York.


Background


Aircraft

The aircraft involved was a Boeing 727-231, registered as N54328. It was manufactured by
Boeing Commercial Airplanes Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA) is a division of the Boeing Company. It designs, assembles, markets, and sells commercial aircraft, including the 737, 767, 777, and 787, along with freighter and business jet variants of most. The divis ...
on March 3, 1970 and in its four years of service, it had logged 11,997 hours and 10 minutes of flying time. It was powered by three Pratt & Whitney JT8D-9A engines.


Crew

In command was
Captain Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader or highest rank officer of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police depa ...
Richard I. Brock, aged 44, who had logged 3,765 hours of flying time, 2,899 hours of which were logged on the Boeing 727. His co-pilot was First Officer Lenard W. Kreshec, aged 40, who had logged 6,205 hours of flying time, including 1,160 hours logged on the Boeing 727. The flight engineer was Thomas C. Safranek, aged 31, who had logged 2,798 hours of flying time, 128 of which were logged on the Boeing 727.


Accident

On Sunday morning of
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weekend, the eastern half of the
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experienced severe weather, with high winds, snow, and rain. The flight was scheduled for arrival at Washington National Airport, but was diverted to Dulles when high crosswinds, east at and gusting to , prevented safe operations on the main north–south
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at Washington National. The aircraft was flown by Captain Richard I. Brock (44), First Officer Leonard W. Kresheck (40), and Flight Engineer Thomas C. Safranek (31); the flight was being vectored for a non-precision instrument approach to runway 12 at Dulles, a heading of east-southeast.
Air traffic controller An Air traffic controller (ATC) is a person responsible for the coordination of traffic in their assigned airspace. Typically stationed in area control centers or control towers, they monitor the position, speed, and altitude of aircraft and c ...
s cleared the flight down to before clearing them for the approach while not on a published segment. The jetliner began a descent to , shown on the first checkpoint for the published approach. The cockpit voice recorder later indicated there was some confusion in the cockpit over whether they were still under a radar-controlled approach segment which would allow them to descend safely. After reaching there were some altitude deviations which the flight crew discussed as encountering heavy downdrafts and reduced visibility in snow. At 11:09:22 a.m. EST ''( UTC −5)'', the plane impacted the west slope of Mount Weather at above
sea level Mean sea level (MSL, often shortened to sea level) is an mean, average surface level of one or more among Earth's coastal Body of water, bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured. The global MSL is a type of vertical ...
at approximately . The wreckage was contained within an area about . The evidence of first impact were trees sheared off about above the ground; the elevation at the base of the trees was . The wreckage path was oriented along a line 118 degrees magnetic. Calculations indicated that the left wing went down about six degrees as the aircraft passed through the trees and the aircraft was descending at an angle of about one degree. After about of travel through the trees, it struck a rock outcropping at an elevation of about . Numerous heavy components of the aircraft were thrown forward of the outcropping, and numerous intense post-impact fires broke out which were later extinguished. The mountain's summit is at above sea level.


Investigation

The accident investigation board was split in its decision as to whether the flight crew or Air Traffic Control were The majority absolved the controllers as the plane was not on a published approach segment; the dissenting opinion was that the flight had been radar Terminology between pilots and controllers differed without either group being aware of the discrepancy. It was common practice at the time for controllers to release a flight to its own navigation with "Cleared for the approach," and flight crews commonly believed that was also authorization to descend to the altitude at which the final segment of the approach began. No clear indication had been given by controllers to Flight 514 that they were no longer on a radar vector segment and therefore responsible for their own navigation. Procedures were clarified after this accident. Controllers now state, "Maintain (specified altitude) until established on a published segment of the approach," and pilots now understand that previously assigned altitudes prevail until an altitude change is authorized on the published approach segment the aircraft is currently flying. Ground proximity detection equipment was also mandated for the airlines. During the NTSB investigation, it was discovered that a
United Airlines United Airlines, Inc. is a Major airlines of the United States, major airline in the United States headquartered in Chicago, Chicago, Illinois that operates an extensive domestic and international route network across the United States and six ...
flight had very narrowly escaped the same fate during the same approach and at the same location only six weeks prior. This discovery set in motion activities that led to the development of the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) by the FAA and NASA in 1976 to collect voluntary, confidential reports of possible safety hazards from aviation professionals. The flight is also of note in that the accident drew undesired attention to the Mount Weather facility, which was the linchpin of plans implemented by the
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to ensure continuity in the event of a
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. The crash did not damage the facility, since most of its features were underground. Only its underground main phone line was severed, with service to the complex being restored by C&P Telephone within hours after the crash.


Aftermath

In the wake of dozens of lawsuits filed with the US District Court in Alexandria, Virginia by families of the victims, a deal brokered one year after the crash by the Justice Department had TWA and the FAA agreeing to share damages and settle any lawsuits out of court. The crash, its aftermath, and its repercussions are the subject of the 1977 book ''Sound of Impact: The Legacy of TWA Flight 514'' by Adam Shaw. TWA Flight 514 is also mentioned in the closing of the second chapter of
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's book '' Things the Grandchildren Should Know'' and in F. Lee Bailey's book '' Cleared for the Approach: In Defense of Flying''. In 2015, a documentary entitled ''Diverted: TWA 514'' was released. This was one of two Boeing 727s to crash in the U.S. that day; the other was
Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 6231 Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 6231 was the fatal crash of a Boeing 727 in the Eastern United States, eastern United States on December 1, 1974 in Harriman State Park (New York), Harriman State Park near Stony Point, New York, just north of th ...
in New York state, on its way to pick up the
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football team in Buffalo. Roscoe Cartwright, one of the U.S. Army's first
black Black is a color that results from the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, without chroma, like white and grey. It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness.Eva Heller, ''P ...
generals, was killed in the crash; he had retired from active duty several months earlier and was accompanied by his wife.


Crash site then and now

Image:TWA_514_1s.jpg, Approx Dec 1975; looking west from road Image:TWA flight 514 crash site looking west 2017.jpg, Same view looking west in March 2017 Image:TWA_514_2s.jpg, Approx Dec 1975; looking east from road Image:TWA flight 514 crash site looking east 2017.jpg, Same view looking east in March 2017


References


External links

* ''Sound of Impact: The Legacy of TWA Flight 514'', Adam Shaw (Viking Press, 1977) *
NTSB report

Copy at
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*
Civil Defense Doomsday Hideaway
', Ted Gup. ''TIME Magazine'', August 10, 1992, pp. 32–39. * - Documentary produced in 2015 by WJLA-TV/Washington {{Trans World Airlines Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 727 Airliner accidents and incidents in Virginia Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error Aviation accidents and incidents caused by air traffic controller error Clarke County, Virginia 514 Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1974 1974 in Virginia December 1974 in the United States Dulles International Airport