The TRML ( or "

Telefunken Telefunken was a German radio and television producer, founded in Berlin in 1903 as a joint venture between Siemens & Halske and the ''AEG (German company), Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft'' (AEG) ("General electricity company"). Prior to ...

mobile airspace surveillance radar") is a family of air defense radars first developed by Telefunken and currently produced by

Hensoldt Hensoldt AG ''(HENSOLDT)'' is a multinational corporation headquartered in Germany which focuses on sensor technologies for protection and surveillance missions in the Military, defence, security and aerospace sectors. The main product areas are r ...

. It is a development of the earlier TRMS ( or "Telefunken mobile search radar"). Retractable mast versions are TRML-2D with a rotating parabolic antenna and TRML-3D with a rotating

phased array In antenna (radio), antenna theory, a phased array usually means an electronically scanned array, a computer-controlled Antenna array, array of antennas which creates a radio beam, beam of radio waves that can be electronically steered to point ...

antenna, designated as ''Nahbereichsradar'' (NBR) or "short range radar" by the

Bundeswehr The (, ''Federal Defence'') are the armed forces of the Germany, Federal Republic of Germany. The is divided into a military part (armed forces or ''Streitkräfte'') and a civil part, the military part consists of the four armed forces: Germ ...

. The latest TRML-4D comes with non-retractable, rotating base

active electronically scanned array An active electronically scanned array (AESA) is a type of phased array antenna, which is a computer-controlled antenna array in which the beam of radio waves can be electronically steered to point in different directions without moving the a ...

(AESA) solid-state antenna.

System description

TRML-2D was designed as an autonomous mobile command system for

air defense Anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) is the counter to aerial warfare and includes "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action".AAP-6 It encompasses surface-based, subsurface (Submarine#Armament, submarine-lau ...

with an integrated search radar. It can detect, identify and track aircraft at low and medium altitude, designate targets for the connected launchers and send commands to the battle management network. The range of the radar is 60 km for TRML-2D, 200 km for the TRML-3D/32, and 250 km for TRML-4D. The crew shelter with integrated retractable mast is loaded onto a truck (Bundeswehr designation "Lkw 15 t mil gl BR"), but can also be dismantled to operate as a standalone trailer. A

power generator Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of primary energy. For utilities in the electric power industry, it is the stage prior to its delivery ( transmission, distribution, etc.) to end users or its stora ...

is integrated on the unit. The crew consists of two or three surveillance radar operators. The radar includes a sideband channel for detecting helicopters. This enables simultaneous action against fast, low-flying aircraft and anti-aircraft missiles as well as against extremely slow-flying targets such as hovering helicopters. The EPM (Electronic Protective Measures) equipment to protect against ECM in the Electronic Warfare and high-resolution Clutter suppression permit the detection and monitoring of even very small targets in difficult environmental conditions. TRML can feed the detected tracks into air defense combat management systems (HFLaAFüSyS 9, HEROS 2) to create more detailed picture of the airspace. The manufacturer is the company

DASA DASA (officially Deutsche AeroSpace AG, later Daimler-Benz AeroSpace AG, then DaimlerChrysler AeroSpace AG) was a German aerospace manufacturer. It was created during 1989 as the aerospace subsidiary arm of Daimler-Benz, Daimler-Benz AG (later D ...

, which has been merged into

EADS Airbus SE ( ; ; ; ) is a Pan-European aerospace corporation. The company's primary business is the design and manufacturing of commercial aircraft but it also has separate defence and space and helicopter divisions. Airbus has long been th ...

and has been trading under the name Airbus Defense and Space since January 2014. With the spin-off of the electronics division of Airbus Defense and Space at the end of February 2017, the company became

TRML 2D

TRML-2D uses rotating parabolic antenna with a cosecant-square pattern, where the lower edge slightly deviating from the parabolic shape (a so-called "lower lip"). The antenna can transmit and receive linearly and circularly polarized signals. The maximum antenna height is 12 m (top edge); the antenna can also operate on the roof of the shelter. Rotation rate is 14 to 27 RPM (2.25 to 4.44 s). The IFF antenna is integrated into the primary antenna. An omnidirectional antenna element for sidelobe suppression is located above the parabolic reflector. The range is specified by the manufacturer as 46 km for targets with a

radar cross-section Radar cross-section (RCS), denoted σ, also called radar signature, is a measure of how detectable an object is by radar. A larger RCS indicates that an object is more easily detected. An object reflects a limited amount of radar energy b ...

of 1 m² and a probability of detection of 80% up to an altitude of 6000 m. For targets with a radar cross section of 3 m², the range is 60 km.

TRML 3D

TRML-3D version is fitted with a 16 or 32-element

passive electronically scanned array A passive electronically scanned array (PESA), also known as passive phased array, is an antenna in which the beam of radio waves can be electronically steered to point in different directions (that is, a phased array antenna), in which all the ...

. In the standard version, the antenna has linear horizontal polarization; vertical polarization is available as an option. It is mounted on a truck MAN SX45. This radar entered service in 2004.

TRS-3D

The marine search radar TRS-3D was created from blocks used by the TRML-3D, the first generation of this radar is uses PESA modules. A new variant, the TRS-3D Baseline D is being used by the US Coast Guard, known locally as the AN/SPS-75 radar. It uses solid-state

GaN The word Gan or the initials GAN may refer to: Places * Gan, a component of Hebrew placenames literally meaning "garden" China * Gan River (Jiangxi) * Gan River (Inner Mongolia), * Gan County, in Jiangxi province * Gansu, abbreviated '' ...

emitters. As of 2023, more than 50 of this variant are operational.

TRML-4D

The latest variant of the radar was presented by Hensoldt at the

Eurosatory Eurosatory is the largest international exhibition for the land and air-land defence and security industry. It is held every two years in the Paris-Nord Villepinte Exhibition Centre, Paris, France. In 2022, it gathered over 1,700 exhibitors and ...

in 2018. It will be delivered to customers in 2020. The radar unit includes a completely redesigned AESA antenna with solid-state

elements, mounted on a non-retractable continuously rotating base. The system does not include an integrated operator shelter anymore, so a separate module is needed. TRML-4D combines digital beamforming with

pulse-Doppler radar A pulse-Doppler radar is a radar system that determines the range to a target using pulse-timing techniques, and uses the Doppler effect of the returned signal to determine the target object's velocity. It combines the features of pulse radars and ...

to detect difficult-to-locate airborne targets such as hovering helicopters or low-flying cruise missiles. The system has increased performance compared to its predecessors and is able to track 1500 targets at a range of up to 250 km. It supports Mode 5 and Mode S identification. The radar unit includes an onboard power generator and can be carried by any truck that has standard 20 ft (6.1 m) ISO container fittings. Instrumented range is 250 km, can track fighter type targets more than 120 km away. The IRIS-T SLS, SLM and SLX use primarily the TRML-4D as fire control radar.

TRS-4D

The marine version of the TRML-4D family is called TRS-4D. Two variants of this radar exist, one in fixed panel arrays, and the other as a rotating radar. The American variant of the TRS-4D is designated as the AN/SPS-80 and is the rotating variant.

Operators of land radars

TRML-2D

; (–) : Formerly used with a C2 center (command and control)center for the fire control of the

ROLAND Roland (; ; or ''Rotholandus''; or ''Rolando''; died 15 August 778) was a Frankish military leader under Charlemagne who became one of the principal figures in the literary cycle known as the Matter of France. The historical Roland was mil ...

TRML-3D

Current operators

; (3) : 3 in service with the Lithuanian Air Force, contract signed in 2001, all delivered by August 2004. ; (2) : 2 radars ordered in December 2005, and delivered by 2008. The contract included an option for 8 additional radars to be ordered in 2006, but it was not exercised. ; (5) : The

Royal Netherlands Army The Royal Netherlands Army (, KL) is the Ground warfare, land branch of the Netherlands Armed Forces. Though the Royal Netherlands Army was raised on 9 January 1814, its origins date back to 1572, when the was raised making the Dutch standing a ...

operates 5 TRML-3D/32 with the NASAMS 2 air defence system as part of the AGBADS (Army Ground-based Air Defence System), those are used as air-surveillance radars. ; (1) : Radar operated by the Royal Guard of Oman. It is used as a fire control radar for the MICA VL air defence system, tested in 2012. ; (3) : The radar is being operated by the

Royal Thai Army The Royal Thai Army or RTA (; ) is the army of Thailand and the oldest and largest branch of the Royal Thai Armed Forces. History Origin The Royal Thai Army is responsible for protecting the kingdom's sovereignty. The army was formed in 187 ...

with its MICA VL air defence system. The first 2 radars were ordered in 2014. The third radar was ordered in 2020, for a delivery by 2022. The variant used is the TRML-3D/32-6.

TRML-4D

; (23) : Orders: :* 7 ordered with IRIS-T SLM ground-based air defense systems in 2018. :* 10 ordered with IRIS-T SLX approved in December 2021 :* 6 ordered with IRIS-T SLS ; : Order :* Unknown number ordered with IRIS-T SLM in 2023 ; (1 delivered, 5 more on order, 2 in option) : Order (6) :* 6 ordered with IRIS-T SLM in July 2023 : Options (2) :* 2 additional to be ordered with the additional IRIS-T SLM planned :As of August 2024, one battery has been delivered with its radar. ; : Order :* Unknown number ordered with IRIS-T SLM in 2023 ; : Order (2) :* 2 ordered with IRIS-T SLM in July 2023 (16 in service, 6 more on order) : Orders (22) :* 4 ordered in October 2022 :* 2 ordered in January 2023 :* 6 ordered in May 2023 (€100 million) :* 4 ordered in June 2023 :* 6 ordered in May 2024 : Deliveries (16) :* 16 TRML-4D delivered as of April 2025.

Potential sales TRML-4D

; (8) : 8 IRIS-T fire units with 3 launchers each are to be purchased by Austria. It will include IRIS-T SLM and SLS batteries. The decision for this system was announced in September 2023. ; (1 + 6) : The Bulgarian parliament approved the purchase of 1 fire unit of the IRIS-T SLM for the Bulgarian Air Force in August 2024. The TRML-4D is the likely radar, but not confirmed yet. : An option for up to 5 IRIS-T SLM and 1 IRIS-T SLX fire units is available until 2032. ; (up to 41) : The Romanian armed forces are looking for up to 41 short-range air-defence systems, among the competitors are the IRIS-T SLS and IRIS-T SLM, but also the VL MICA, all of which could be using the TRML-4D. ; : On 21 May 2024, in the meeting with Germany Federal Ministry of Defence

Boris Pistorius Boris Ludwig Pistorius (; born 14 March 1960) is a German lawyer and politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) who has been serving as Federal Minister of Defence in the governments of successive Chancellors Olaf Scholz and Fri ...

, the Ministry of National Defence Laurynas Kasčiūnas said that Lithuania was considering purchasing IRIS-T medium-range air defense system. ; : Pre-selected :* As part of the programme ''BODLUV-MR'', Diehl was the only company offering a short-range air defence system with the IRIS-T SLM. Armasuisse will now initiate the negotiations with Diehl for the purchase of an unknown number of systems which are to be financed with the 2025 Armament Programme.

Operators of naval radars

TRS-3D

Current operators

; (1 operational, 3 retired) :* 1 ''TRS-3D/16'' used with the diving support vessel (, SF300 – Serie 3) of the

Danish Navy The Royal Danish Navy (, ) is the Naval warfare, sea-based branch of the Danish Armed Forces force. The RDN is mainly responsible for maritime defence and maintaining the sovereignty of Denmark, Danish territorial waters (incl. Faroe Islands and ...

. :* 3 ''TRS-3D'' operated on corvettes when modernised, and these ships were decommissioned in 2009. ; (7 operational) :

Finnish Navy The Finnish Navy ( , ) is one of the branches of the Finnish Defence Forces. The navy employs 2,300 people and about 4,300 conscripts are trained each year. Finnish Navy vessels are given the ship prefix "FNS", short for "Finnish Navy ship", but ...

: :* 4 ''TRS-3D/16ES'' with the

corvettes A corvette is a small warship. It is traditionally the smallest class of vessel considered to be a proper (or " rated") warship. The warship class above the corvette is that of the frigate, while the class below was historically that of the sloo ...

. :* 2 ''TRS-3D/16ES'' with the

minelayer A minelayer is any warship, submarine, military aircraft or land vehicle deploying explosive mines. Since World War I the term "minelayer" refers specifically to a naval ship used for deploying naval mines. "Mine planting" was the term for ins ...

after a modernisation in 2007. : Finnish Coast Guard: :* 1 ''TRS-3D'' with the ''

Turva ''Turva'' is a Finnish offshore patrol vessel. Built in 2014 by STX Finland Rauma shipyard for the Finnish Border Guard, she is the largest vessel of the fleet as well as the first patrol vessel in Finland powered by liquefied natural gas (LNG) ...

'' OPV. ; (5 operational, 8 retired) :* 8 ''TRS-3D/32'' that were installed on the frigates (F122). :* 5 ''TRS-3D/16'' which equip the corvettes (K130 - Batch 1). ; (6 operational) : 6 ''TRS-3D/16 ES'' operated on the OPV (a MEKO 100 RMN). ; (5 operational, 2 retired) : Radar used on two ships of the Norwegian Naval Forces: :

Royal Norwegian Navy The Royal Norwegian Navy () is the branch of the Norwegian Armed Forces responsible for navy, naval operations of Norway, including those of the Norwegian Coast Guard. , the Royal Norwegian Navy consists of approximately 3,700 personnel (9,450 i ...

: :* 1 ''TRS-3D/16 ES'' used with the '' HNoMS Nordkapp'' (a mine countermeasure command vessel). :

Norwegian Coast Guard The Norwegian Coast Guard () is a maritime military force which is part of the Royal Norwegian Navy. The coast guard's responsibility are for fisheries inspection, customs enforcement, border control, law enforcement, shipping inspection, enviro ...

: :* 2 ''TRS-3D/16 ES'' that were used on 2 OPV of the

that were retired. :* 1 ''TRS-3D/16 new generation'' ordered in 2019 for the Norwegian Coast Guard vessel KV ''Svalbard'' (AESA solid state with GaN TRM). :* 3 ''TRS-3D/16 new generation'' used with the

Offshore patrol vessel A patrol boat (also referred to as a patrol craft, patrol ship, or patrol vessel) is a relatively small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defence, border security, or law enforcement. There are many designs for patrol boats, and th ...

(AESA solid state with GaN TRM). ; (4 operational, 2 spare) : 6 ''TRS-3D/16'' that equip the 6 ships of the (SF300 – Serie 2) sold by the Danish Navy to the

Portuguese Navy The Portuguese Navy (), also known as the Portuguese War Navy (''Marinha de Guerra Portuguesa'') or as the Portuguese Armada (''Armada Portuguesa''), is the navy of the Portuguese Armed Forces. Chartered in 1317 by King Dinis of Portugal, it is ...

.The Portuguese uses four ships as patrol ships, they class was renamed , and 2 were retired for spare parts. ; (2) : 2 ''TRS-3D/16'' installed on the

amphibious transport dock An amphibious transport dock, also called a landing platform dock (LPD), is an amphibious warfare ship, a warship that embarks, transports, and lands elements of a landing force for expeditionary warfare missions. Several navies currently oper ...

of the Spanish Navy. ; (13) : Used on several ships of the

US Armed Forces The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. U.S. federal law names six armed forces: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Space Force, and the Coast Guard. Since 1949, all of the armed forces, except ...

: :*

US Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare, maritime military branch, service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest Displacement (ship), displacement, at 4.5 millio ...

:** 8 ''TRS-3D/16 ES'' (AN/SPS-75) ''Freedom''-class LCS. :*

US Coast Guard The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is the maritime security, search and rescue, and law enforcement service branch of the armed forces of the United States. It is one of the country's eight uniformed services. The service is a maritime, mi ...

:** 12 ''TRS-3D Baseline D'' (AN/SPS-75) for the Legend-class National Security Cutter (NSC). :** 1 ''TRS-3D Baseline D'' (AN/SPS-75) ordered in 2023 for the Coast Guard training center (TRACEN) located in Petaluma, California.

TRS-4D

Current operators

; (7 rotating + 41 fixed planar arrays radars) : Ordered and in service with the

German Navy The German Navy (, ) is part of the unified (Federal Defense), the German Armed Forces. The German Navy was originally known as the ''Bundesmarine'' (Federal Navy) from 1956 to 1995, when ''Deutsche Marine'' (German Navy) became the official ...

: :* 5 ''rotating TRS-4D'' ordered in February 2019 to equip the corvettes (K130 - Batch 2). :* 2 ''rotating TRS-4D'' ordered in February 2019 for land based systems (training). :* 16 ''fixed planar arrays TRS-4D'' used on the 4 (F125). :* 16 ''fixed'' ''planar arrays TRS-4D'' to equip the ''Niedersachsen'' class frigates (F126) ordered in 2022. :* 1 ''fixed planar arrays TRS-4D'' to equip the test center ordered in 2022. :* 8 ''fixed planar arrays TRS-4D'' to equip the two additional ''Niedersachsen'' class frigates (F126) ordered in August 2024. ; (8 rotating radars) : 8 ''rotating TRS-4D (AN/SPS-80)'' ordered for the ''Freedom''-class LCS (Littoral combat ship) and the first were installed in 2019. ; (3 rotating radars) : 3 ''rotating TRS-4D'' installed on the modernised ''c'' (former Type 23 frigates). ; Future operators ; (4 rotating radars ordered + 4 planned) : 4 ''rotating'' ''TRS-4D'' ordered for the

Brazilian Navy The Brazilian Navy () is the navy, naval service branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces, responsible for conducting naval warfare, naval operations. The navy was involved in War of Independence of Brazil#Naval action, Brazil's war of independence ...

based on the MEKO A-100 family of warships. 4 additional ships of this class are planned in the future. The ships are in construction, the first was launched in August 2024. ; (4 rotating radars) : 4 ''rotating'' ''TRS-4D (AN/SPS-80)'' ordered for the 4 ''Freedom''-class LCS (Littoral combat ship) ordered by the

Royal Saudi Navy The Royal Saudi Naval Forces (RSNF), or Royal Saudi Navy, is the maritime arm of the Saudi Arabian Armed Forces and one of the five service branches of the Ministry of Defense of Saudi Arabia. Its primary role is monitoring and defending Sa ...

.{{Cite web , last=Electronics , first=Military and Aerospace , date=2022-01-11 , title=Saudi Arabia Bought Four Littoral Combat Ships from the United States , url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/saudi-arabia-bought-four-littoral-combat-ships-united-states-199286 , access-date=2024-08-19 , website=The National Interest , language=en

Notes

Ground radars