An object with the spectral type T (also called T dwarf or methane brown dwarf) is either a

brown dwarf Brown dwarfs are substellar objects that have more mass than the biggest gas giant planets, but less than the least massive main sequence, main-sequence stars. Their mass is approximately 13 to 80 Jupiter mass, times that of Jupiter ()not big en ...

or young free-floating planetary-mass object. A directly imaged

exoplanet An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a planet outside the Solar System. The first confirmed detection of an exoplanet was in 1992 around a pulsar, and the first detection around a main-sequence star was in 1995. A different planet, first det ...

with a young age can also be a T-dwarf. T dwarfs are colder than L dwarfs, but warmer than Y dwarfs.

Prototype Gliese 229B

The first T-dwarf discovered was Gliese 229B, which was discovered in 1995. This object had a temperature below 1000 K and showed

methane Methane ( , ) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms). It is a group-14 hydride, the simplest alkane, and the main constituent of natural gas. The abundance of methane on Earth makes ...

(CH₄),

water vapor Water vapor, water vapour, or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of Properties of water, water. It is one Phase (matter), state of water within the hydrosphere. Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation or boiling of liquid water or from th ...

(H₂O) and

carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide (chemical formula CO) is a poisonous, flammable gas that is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and slightly less dense than air. Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom connected by a triple bond. It is the si ...

(CO) in its spectrum. In the upper atmosphere CO is converted into CH₄ and H₂O, while the opposite is true for the hotter lower atmosphere. It also showed absorption due to

caesium Caesium (IUPAC spelling; also spelled cesium in American English) is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-golden alkali metal with a melting point of , which makes it one of only f ...

(Cs), but absorption features commonly found in M-dwarfs ( CaH,

FeH Iron(I) hydride, systematically named iron hydride and poly(hydridoiron) is a solid inorganic compound with the chemical formula (also written or FeH). It is both thermodynamically and kinetically unstable toward decomposition at ambient temper ...

, TiO, and VO) were missing.

Ammonia Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the chemical formula, formula . A Binary compounds of hydrogen, stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinctive pu ...

(NH₃) was included in the analysis of the spectrum.

Sodium Sodium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Na (from Neo-Latin ) and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 element, group 1 of the peri ...

(Na) and

potassium Potassium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol K (from Neo-Latin ) and atomic number19. It is a silvery white metal that is soft enough to easily cut with a knife. Potassium metal reacts rapidly with atmospheric oxygen to ...

(K) are also detected in this T-dwarf. Later work found a dynamical mass of 70 ± 5 for Gliese 229B, which is much higher than the cooling models would suggest. The spectral type is somewhat ambiguous. This is because it shows strong CH₄ absorption at 1.3 and 1.6 μm, indicative of a T7 type, but weaker CH₄ and H₂O features at 1.1, 1.4, 1.9, and 2.2 μm, indicative of a T5-T6 type. It is also suspected that Gliese 229B is a binary, which could explain its high mass and its unusual spectrum. The binarity was confirmed in 2024 with instruments on the

Very Large Telescope The Very Large Telescope (VLT) is an astronomical facility operated since 1998 by the European Southern Observatory, located on Cerro Paranal in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. It consists of four individual telescopes, each equipped with ...

, which resolved the pair and constrained their orbit to be a tight

semi-major axis In geometry, the major axis of an ellipse is its longest diameter: a line segment that runs through the center and both foci, with ends at the two most widely separated points of the perimeter. The semi-major axis (major semiaxis) is the longe ...

of about 16 Earth-Moon distances and an orbital period of about 12.1 days. Gliese 229Ba has a mass of about 38 and Gliese 229Bb has a mass of about 34 .

Spectral type T

The spectral type "T" was first proposed in 1999 with Gliese 229B as its only representative at the time. Next came the discovery of

Gliese 570D Gliese 570 (or 33 G. Librae) is a quaternary star system approximately 19 light-years away. The primary star is an orange dwarf star (much dimmer and smaller than the Sun). The other secondary stars are themselves a binary system, ...

SDSS 1624+00 SDSS 1624+00 (also known as SDSSp J162414.371+002915.6) is the first T dwarf discovered in the field, meaning it does free-float in space and does not belong to a group of stars. The object was discovered after Gliese 229B and at around ...

(first field T-dwarf) and

SDSS 1346-00 SDSS may refer to: * Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a major multi-filter imaging and spectroscopic redshift survey * Social Democratic Party of Slovakia * Spatial Decision Support System, a GIS based decision aiding system * Independent Democratic Serb ...

(second field T-dwarf). These were however mid- to late T-dwarfs and the first early T-dwarfs (

SDSS 0837 SDSS may refer to: * Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a major multi-filter imaging and spectroscopic redshift survey * Social Democratic Party of Slovakia * Spatial Decision Support System, a GIS based decision aiding system * Independent Democratic Serb ...

SDSS 1254 SDSS may refer to: * Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a major multi-filter imaging and spectroscopic redshift survey * Social Democratic Party of Slovakia * Spatial Decision Support System, a GIS based decision aiding system * Independent Democratic Serb ...

, and

SDSS 1021 SDSS may refer to: * Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a major multi-filter imaging and spectroscopic redshift survey * Social Democratic Party of Slovakia * Spatial Decision Support System, a GIS based decision aiding system * Independent Democratic Serb ...

) were discovered in data of the

Sloan Digital Sky Survey The Sloan Digital Sky Survey or SDSS is a major multi-spectral imaging and spectroscopic redshift survey using a dedicated 2.5-m wide-angle optical telescope at Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico, United States. The project began in 2000 a ...

in 2000. These objects show weaker CH₄ absorption than previously discovered T-dwarfs. CH₄ appears first in the K-band in L8 dwarfs and L- and T-dwarfs are distinguished by the appearance of CH₄ in the H-band for T-dwarfs. T-dwarfs show an increasing absorption of H₂O and CH₄ from T0 to T8. Neutral Na and K features broaden in L- and T-dwarfs and the Na feature increases in depth for L/T-dwarfs with increasing spectral type. One of the coldest T-dwarfs was discovered with

UKIDSS The UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey or UKIDSS is an astronomical survey conducted using the WFCAM wide field camera on the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. Survey observations were commenced in 2005. UKIDSS consists of f ...

, called UGPS 0722-05. Researchers used WISE to discover additional late T-dwarfs and the objects of the newly discovered Y-dwarfs. The transition between T- and Y-dwarfs is defined with the help of UGPS 0722-05 as the T9 standard and WISE 1738+2732 as the Y0 standard. Late T and early Y-dwarfs show deep H₂O and CH₄ absorption features and the transition between T- and Y-dwarfs occurs near 500 K. Another important T-dwarf is

Luhman 16 Luhman 16 (also designated WISE 1049−5319 or WISE J104915.57−531906.1) is a Binary system, binary brown dwarf, brown-dwarf system in the southern constellation Vela (constellation), Vela at a distance of from the Sun. These are th ...

B, which is the closest T-dwarf. It has a spectral type of T0.5, near the L/T transition. It shows a hint of FeH in the spectrum, which weakens in late L dwarfs, but strengthens in early to mid T-dwarfs due to cloud disruption. Observations of T-dwarfs in the near- and mid-infrared with

JWST The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope designed to conduct infrared astronomy. As the largest telescope in space, it is equipped with high-resolution and high-sensitivity instruments, allowing it to view objects too old, di ...

clearly show additional absorption features due to NH₃, CH₄, H₂O, CO and

carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalent bond, covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in a gas state at room temperature and at norma ...

(CO₂). Observations with

Gemini Gemini most often refers to: * Gemini (constellation), one of the constellations of the zodiac * Gemini (astrology), an astrological sign Gemini may also refer to: Science and technology Space * Gemini in Chinese astronomy, the Gemini constellat ...

showed the first detection of

hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula . It is a colorless chalcogen-hydride gas, and is toxic, corrosive, and flammable. Trace amounts in ambient atmosphere have a characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs. Swedish chemist ...

(H₂S) and molecular

hydrogen Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol H and atomic number 1. It is the lightest and abundance of the chemical elements, most abundant chemical element in the universe, constituting about 75% of all baryon, normal matter ...

(H₂) in the T6 dwarf DENIS J081730.0−615520. The molecules

hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen cyanide (formerly known as prussic acid) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula, formula HCN and structural formula . It is a highly toxic and flammable liquid that boiling, boils slightly above room temperature, at . HCN is ...

(HCN) and

acetylene Acetylene (Chemical nomenclature, systematic name: ethyne) is a chemical compound with the formula and structure . It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne. This colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is u ...

(C₂H₂) were found in the T-dwarf binary

WISE 0458+6434 Wise, as a word, refers to someone with wisdom. Wise may also refer to: People * Wise (surname) * Wise (composer), also known as Wise da' Gangsta, a reggaeton producer/songwriter * Wise (rapper) (born 1979), Japanese hip hop artist * Wise ...

in 2025 with JWST.

Subdwarfs

Subdwarfs with a T spectral type are known, with 2MASSI J0937347+293142 being the first T-type subdwarf. It shows blue near-infrared colors due to suppression of the 2.1 μm peak, likely caused by enhanced collision induced absorption (CIA) of

(H₂). Subdwarfs have a low metallicity and at first only a small sample with moderate low metallicity was known. In 2020 the

backyard worlds Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 is a NASA-funded citizen science project which is part of the Zooniverse (citizen science project), Zooniverse web portal. It aims to discover new brown dwarfs, faint objects that are less massive than stars, some of whi ...

citizen science project discovered the first extreme subdwarfs of spectral type T, called WISEA 0414−5854 and

WISEA 1810−1010 WISEA J181006.18-101000.5 or WISEA 1810-1010 is a substellar object in the constellation Serpens about 8.9 parsec or 29 light-years distant from earth. It stands out because of its peculiar colors matching both L dwarf, L-type and T dwar ...

. These objects have unusual blue colors, indicative of a lower absorption from CH₄. Follow-up observations of WISEA 1810−1010 show that it only shows absorption due to H₂O and H₂ in the optical and infrared spectra. CH₄ is missing completely, which stays in contrast to the definition of T-dwarfs as "methane dwarfs" and WISEA 1810−1010 was instead called a "water vapor dwarf". In 2024 Burgasser et al. introduced a classification system for T subdwarfs, which allows the classification into mild subdwarfs (d/sdT), subdwarfs (sdT) and extreme subdwarfs (esdT). The signature of a low metallicity are a strong collision induce absorption (CIA) of hydrogen molecules, obscured methane and water features, and weak potassium K I absorption. This work also identified three brown dwarfs that are candidate members of

stellar streams This is a list of stellar streams. A stellar stream is an association of stars orbiting a galaxy. It was once a globular cluster or dwarf galaxy that has now been torn apart and stretched out along its orbit by tidal forces. An exception in the ...

. Future works with

Euclid Euclid (; ; BC) was an ancient Greek mathematician active as a geometer and logician. Considered the "father of geometry", he is chiefly known for the '' Elements'' treatise, which established the foundations of geometry that largely domina ...

Rubin Rubin is both a surname and a given name. Rubins is a Latvian-language name.It derives from the biblical name Reuben as a Jewish name. The choice is also influenced by the word ''rubin'' meaning "ruby," in some languages.Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of Roman civilization *Epistle to the Romans, shortened to Romans, a letter w ...

will increase the sample of T subdwarfs to thousands. JWST has already discovered the first distant T subdwarfs such as UNCOVER-BD-1.

Brown dwarfs

Most T-dwarfs are brown dwarfs. Brown dwarfs have a mass lower than the hydrogen burning minimum mass (0.075 or 78.5 ). There are currently 920 objects in the UltracoolSheet with an infrared spectral type of T. The table of ultracool fundamental parameters lists objects with an infrared spectral type of T that have masses between 2 and 58 . Additional T-type brown dwarfs that orbit

stars A star is a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by self-gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many other stars are visible to the naked eye at night; their immense distances from Earth make them appear as fixed points of ...

white dwarfs A white dwarf is a stellar core remnant composed mostly of electron-degenerate matter. A white dwarf is very dense: in an Earth sized volume, it packs a mass that is comparable to the Sun. No nuclear fusion takes place in a white dwarf; what ...

are known and the age of the primary can help to determine the mass of the T-dwarfs. One of the oldest known T-dwarfs is Wolf 1130C, which is around 10

billion years A year is a unit of time based on how long it takes the Earth to orbit the Sun. In scientific use, the tropical year (approximately 365 solar days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 45 seconds) and the sidereal year (about 20 minutes longer) are more exa ...

old.

Planetary-mass objects and exoplanets

One of the first objects that was conclusively determined to be a young isolated planetary-mass object with spectral type T was SDSS J1110+0116 (T5.5), which is a member of the 120 Myr old

AB Doradus moving group AB Doradus Moving Group is a group of about 30 associated stars that are moving through space together with the star AB Doradus. A moving group is distinguished by its members having about the same age, composition (or metallicity) and motion throug ...

. Another significant discovery is one of the closest planetary-mass objects, called SIMP J013656.5+093347 (T2.5, 12.7 ±1.0 ), which is part of the 200 Myr old Carina-Near moving group. This object is also variable with a period of 2.4 hours, likely due to clouds. It also shows radio emission due to

aurorae An aurora ( aurorae or auroras), also commonly known as the northern lights (aurora borealis) or southern lights (aurora australis), is a natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly observed in high-latitude regions (around the Arc ...

. Additional young T-dwarf candidates are known from other young stellar associations and these objects show red colors compared to field T-dwarfs. Young directly imaged exoplanets and planetary-mass companions sometimes show a T spectral type, such as 51 Eridani b (T4.5-T6).

Clouds and variability

Two of the most variable brown dwarfs are the T-dwarfs Luhman 16B, showing a variation up to 20% and 2MASS J2139+02, which varies with an amplitude as high as 26%. T-dwarfs, especially young early-type T-dwarfs are often variable. The variability has been connected to the presence of clouds, but other explanations were proposed, such as hot spots and aurorae. These early T-dwarfs are thought to have an

iron Iron is a chemical element; it has symbol Fe () and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's o ...

cloud deck and a patchy

silicate A silicate is any member of a family of polyatomic anions consisting of silicon and oxygen, usually with the general formula , where . The family includes orthosilicate (), metasilicate (), and pyrosilicate (, ). The name is also used ...

cloud layer on top of it. The silicate clouds are thought to dissipate near the L/T transition, resulting into the patchy silicate cloud layer and high amplitude variability for late L and early T dwarfs. The disruption of clouds make deeper layers accessible for observations. These deeper layers are warmer and contain FeH. This explains the reappearance and strengthening of FeH and the blue near-infrared color for early to mid T-dwarfs. Late T-dwarfs should also have cloud layers made of

chromium Chromium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in Group 6 element, group 6. It is a steely-grey, Luster (mineralogy), lustrous, hard, and brittle transition metal. Chromium ...

potassium chloride Potassium chloride (KCl, or potassium salt) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. It is odorless and has a white or colorless vitreous crystal appearance. The solid dissolves readily in water, and its solutions have a sa ...

and different

sulfides Sulfide (also sulphide in British English) is an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula S2− or a compound containing one or more S2− ions. Solutions of sulfide salts are corrosive. ''Sulfide'' also refers to large families of ...

. These cloud layers are thin and exist above the silicate clouds. A few late T-dwarfs are known to be variable, such as Ross 458C (T8),

(T8.5), and 2MASS J09393548-2448279 (T8).

Magnetic field and aurorae

The first T-dwarf detected in radio emission was 2MASS J1047+21 (T6.5), which was discovered with the

Arecibo radio telescope The Arecibo Telescope was a spherical reflector radio telescope built into a natural sinkhole at the Arecibo Observatory located near Arecibo, Puerto Rico. A cable-mount steerable receiver and several radar transmitters for emitting signals were ...

. Since then several other T-dwarfs with radio emission were discovered, including the planetary-mass object SIMP J013656.5+093347 (T2.5) and the discovery of the T-dwarf BDR J1750+3809 with the help of radio emission. The coldest T-dwarf with a radio emission is WISEPA J062309.94-045624.6 (T8). Radio emission in T-dwarfs is thought to be generated by an

aurora An aurora ( aurorae or auroras), also commonly known as the northern lights (aurora borealis) or southern lights (aurora australis), is a natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly observed in high-latitude regions (around the Arc ...

, similar to late L-dwarfs. Additionally

H-alpha Hydrogen-alpha, typically shortened to H-alpha or Hα, is a deep-red visible spectral line of the hydrogen atom with a wavelength of 656.28 nm in air and 656.46 nm in vacuum. It is the first spectral line in the Balmer series and is em ...

emission is often connected to radio emission in L4-T8 dwarfs and is thought to come from aurorae. 2MASS 1237+6526 (T6.5) is an unusual strong H-alpha emitting T-dwarf that was discovered in 2000. It was theorized that the H-alpha emission, UV emission and radio emission come either from a cold companion (1-2.8 ; <500 K) or from an aurora.

Binaries

Late T dwarf binaries are less common than L-type binaries. Only 8±6% systems with a T5–Y0 primary are binaries and these systems usually have a separation of a few

astronomical units The astronomical unit (symbol: au or AU) is a unit of length defined to be exactly equal to . Historically, the astronomical unit was conceived as the average Earth-Sun distance (the average of Earth's aphelion and perihelion), before its mode ...

(AU). One well-known T dwarf binary is Epsilon Indi B. This binary consists of a T1 and a T6 dwarf that orbit each other with a separation of 2.65 AU. T dwarf triple systems also exist, with 2M0838+15 being the first fully resolved triple T dwarf that was discovered.

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